Seasonal budgets of reactive nitrogen species and ozone over the United States, and export fluxes to the global atmosphere

Liang, Jinyou; Horowitz, Larry W.; Jacob, Daniel J.; Wang, Yuhang; Fiore, Arlene M.; Logan, Jennifer A.; Gardner, Geraldine M.; Munger, J. William

doi:10.1029/97jd03126

Cited by 171 publications

(221 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…However, even export of NO y from the ABL to the free troposphere is very inefficient (Prados et al, 1999). Model studies (Liang et al, 1998) suggest that only 15-25% of the NO x emitted at the surface reaches the free troposphere, and observations show that only about 5-10% of the originally emitted nitrogen remains in the atmosphere after a few days (Stohl et al, 2002b). Models and measurements agree that only a small fraction of the exported nitrogen is in the form of NO x .…”

Section: Long-range No X Transportmentioning

confidence: 49%

Rapid intercontinental air pollution transport associated with a meteorological bomb

Stohl

Huntrieser²,

Richter

et al. 2003

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract.Intercontinental transport (ICT) of trace substances normally occurs on timescales ranging from a few days to several weeks. In this paper an extraordinary episode in November 2001 is presented, where pollution transport across the North Atlantic took only about one day. The transport mechanism, termed here an intercontinental pollution express highway because of the high wind speeds, was exceptional, as it involved an explosively generated cyclone, a so-called meteorological "bomb". To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study describing pollution transport in a bomb. The discovery of this event was based on tracer transport model calculations and satellite measurements of NO 2 , a species with a relatively short lifetime in the atmosphere, which could be transported that far only because of the high wind speeds produced by the bomb. A 15-year transport climatology shows that intercontinental express highways are about four times more frequent in winter than in summer, in agreement with bomb climatologies. The climatology furthermore suggests that intercontinental express highways may be important for the budget of short-lived substances in the remote troposphere. For instance, for a substance with a lifetime of 1 day, express highways may be responsible for about two thirds of the total ICT. We roughly estimate that express highways connecting North America with Europe enhance the average NO x mixing ratios over Europe, due to North American emissions, by about 2-3 pptv in winter.

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Section: Long-range No X Transportmentioning

confidence: 49%

Rapid intercontinental air pollution transport associated with a meteorological bomb

Stohl

Huntrieser²,

Richter

et al. 2003

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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“…4); those emissions do not vary seasonally in the model so the O 3 responses are only influenced by seasonal changes in transport and photochemistry. The larger O 3 ISOP in autumn relative to spring is consistent with a transition in O 3 formation from NO x -sensitive to hydrocarbon-sensitive over the eastern United States in September, resulting from the seasonal decline in UV radiation (maximum in June) and humidity (maximum in summer) (Kleinman, 1991;Jacob et al, 1995;Liang et al, 1998).…”

Section: Seasonal Variations In Regional and Intercontinental Influenmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…Formation of PAN alters the balance between deposition and export of oxidized nitrogen (NOy = NO x + HNO 3 + PAN + other minor oxidation products) from the NA region (e.g., Roberts et al, 1995;Horowitz et al, 1998). Frontal passages and convection, which ventilate the eastern NA boundary layer, can loft PAN to higher, colder altitudes where it is thermally stable and can undergo longrange transport and contribute to O 3 production upon decomposition in air masses that warm as they subside (e.g., Moxim et al, 1996;Liang et al, 1998;Val Martin et al, 2008;Fang et al, 2010;Fischer et al, 2010). Two pathways contribute approximately equally to intercontinental transport of O 3 pollution: (1) production of O 3 over the source region which is then exported, (2) export of precursors, PAN in particular, which then produce O 3 during transit to the downwind region Jacob et al, 1999;Wild et al, 2004;West et al, 2009;Lin et al, 2010).…”

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confidence: 99%

North American isoprene influence on intercontinental ozone pollution

2011

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Abstract. Changing land-use and climate may alter emissions of biogenic isoprene, a key ozone (O 3 ) precursor. Isoprene is also a precursor to peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN) and thus affects partitioning among oxidized nitrogen (NO y ) species, shifting the balance towards PAN, which more efficiently contributes to long-range transport relative to nitric acid (HNO 3 ) which rapidly deposits. With a suite of sensitivity simulations in the MOZART-2 global tropospheric chemistry model, we gauge the relative importance of the intercontinental influence of a 20% increase in North American (NA) isoprene and a 20% decrease in NA anthropogenic emissions (nitrogen oxides (NO x ), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and NO x + NMVOC + carbon monoxide + aerosols). The surface O 3 response to NA isoprene emissions ( O 3 ISOP) in surface air over NA is about one third of the response to all NA anthropogenic emissions ( O 3 ANTH; although with different signs). Over intercontinental distances, O 3 ISOP is relatively larger; in summer and fall, O 3 ISOP in surface air over Europe and North Africa (EU region) is more than half of O 3 ANTH. Future increases in NA isoprene emissions could thus offset decreases in EU surface O 3 resulting from controls on NA anthropogenic emissions. Over the EU region, PAN ISOP at 700 hPa is roughly the same magnitude as PAN ANTH (oppositely signed). Outside of the continental source region, the percentage changes in PAN are at least twice as large as for surface O 3 , implying that long-term PAN measurements at high altitude sites may help to detect O 3 precursor emission changes. We find that neither the baseline level of isoprene emissions nor the fate of isoprene nitrates contributes to the large diversity in model estimates of the anthropogenic Correspondence to: A. M. Fiore (arlene.fiore@noaa.gov) emission influence on intercontinental surface O 3 or oxidized nitrogen deposition reported in the recent TF HTAP multimodel studies (TFHTAP, 2007).

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“…(R3a) goes on to produce ozone by NO 2 photolysis, while (R3b) produces isoprene nitrates and can be a major sink for NO x (Liang et al, 1998). Isoprene nitrate chemistry is highly uncertain, as reviewed by Horowitz et al (2007).…”

Section: Ozonementioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of climate change on air quality

Jacob

Winner

2009

Atmospheric Environment

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1,538

1,215

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a b s t r a c tAir quality is strongly dependent on weather and is therefore sensitive to climate change. Recent studies have provided estimates of this climate effect through correlations of air quality with meteorological variables, perturbation analyses in chemical transport models (CTMs), and CTM simulations driven by general circulation model (GCM) simulations of 21st-century climate change. We review these different approaches and their results. The future climate is expected to be more stagnant, due to a weaker global circulation and a decreasing frequency of mid-latitude cyclones. The observed correlation between surface ozone and temperature in polluted regions points to a detrimental effect of warming. Coupled GCM-CTM studies find that climate change alone will increase summertime surface ozone in polluted regions by 1-10 ppb over the coming decades, with the largest effects in urban areas and during pollution episodes. This climate penalty means that stronger emission controls will be needed to meet a given air quality standard. Higher water vapor in the future climate is expected to decrease the ozone background, so that pollution and background ozone have opposite sensitivities to climate change. The effect of climate change on particulate matter (PM) is more complicated and uncertain than for ozone. Precipitation frequency and mixing depth are important driving factors but projections for these variables are often unreliable. GCM-CTM studies find that climate change will affect PM concentrations in polluted environments by AE0.1-1 mg m À3 over the coming decades. Wildfires fueled by climate change could become an increasingly important PM source. Major issues that should be addressed in future research include the ability of GCMs to simulate regional air pollution meteorology and its sensitivity to climate change, the response of natural emissions to climate change, and the atmospheric chemistry of isoprene. Research needs to be undertaken on the effect of climate change on mercury, particularly in view of the potential for a large increase in mercury soil emissions driven by increased respiration in boreal ecosystems.

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Seasonal budgets of reactive nitrogen species and ozone over the United States, and export fluxes to the global atmosphere

Cited by 171 publications

References 48 publications

Rapid intercontinental air pollution transport associated with a meteorological bomb

Rapid intercontinental air pollution transport associated with a meteorological bomb

North American isoprene influence on intercontinental ozone pollution

Effect of climate change on air quality

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