Seasonal Behavior of Larvae of Ctenicera Spp. And Other Wireworms (Coleoptera:elateridae), in Relation to Temperature, Moisture, Food, and Gravity

Zacharuk, R. Y.

doi:10.1139/z62-065

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Larvae of Holarctic semivoltine species generally have two (spring, early fall) activity periods per year, between which they burrow downward to avoid adverse soil conditions (22,26,68,97,111). These seasonal movements largely coincide with their molting and feeding cycles, larvae typically only feeding for a brief part of each stadium, remaining quiescent some time before and after molting (54,55,189). However, wireworms in a feeding state will endure suboptimum soil conditions if food is present (164, 172).…”

Section: Activity Periodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology, Ecology, and Control of Elaterid Beetles in Agricultural Land

Traugott

Benefer²,

Blackshaw³

et al. 2015

Annu. Rev. Entomol.

131

118

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Wireworms, the larvae of click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae), have had a centuries-long role as major soil insect pests worldwide. With insecticidal control options dwindling, research on click beetle biology and ecology is of increasing importance in the development of new control tactics. Methodological improvements have deepened our understanding of how larvae and adults spatially and temporarily utilize agricultural habitats and interact with their environment. This progress, however, rests with a few pest species, and efforts to obtain comparable knowledge on other economically important elaterids are crucial. There are still considerable gaps in our understanding of female and larval ecology; movement of elaterids within landscapes; and the impact of natural enemies, cultivation practices, and environmental change on elaterid population dynamics. This knowledge will allow generation of multifaceted control strategies, including cultural, physical, and chemical measures, tailored toward species complexes and crops across a range of appropriate spatial scales.

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Section: Activity Periodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology, Ecology, and Control of Elaterid Beetles in Agricultural Land

Traugott

Benefer²,

Blackshaw³

et al. 2015

Annu. Rev. Entomol.

131

118

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…because of CO 2 production) may interfere with the repellent cue, just as the presence of food causes some wireworms (e.g. Selatosomus destructor (Brown)) to endure suboptimum soil temperatures they would otherwise avoid (Zacharuk 1962). Our functional definition of repellency as \16 min contact used here remains useful when considering insecticides placed on germinating seeds, and the insecticides reported as repellent using this criterion also elicited the shock response when wireworms were assayed under soil-less conditions and in the absence of food (van Herk et al 2008b).…”

Section: Repellency and Feeding Deterrencementioning

confidence: 99%

Contact behaviour and mortality of wireworms exposed to six classes of insecticide applied to wheat seed

et al. 2015

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Insecticide-treated seed is commonly used to manage wireworms, with insecticide toxicity generally being deduced from crop stand protection rather than from directly observed wireworm responses. We observed the behaviour of larvae of two economic elaterids exposed to wheat seeds treated with 11 insecticides at various rates or combinations in a soil environment. Wireworms were exposed for 3 or 24 h, and the post-contact health and mobility of 1030 larvae that contacted seeds were assessed (bi)weekly for 12-42 weeks. Considerable repellency was observed when wireworms were exposed to bifenthrin, tefluthrin, k-cyhalothrin, and some repellency was also observed at high rates of various other insecticides. A high proportion of wireworms were moribund after 24 h when exposed to treatments containing thiamethoxam, fipronil, or high rates of ethiprole, cyazypyr, chlorpyrifos, and spinosad, but not after exposure to bifenthrin, tefluthrin, chlorantraniliprole, spirotetramat, or low rates of ethiprole, cyazypyr, and chlorpyrifos. High mortality was observed in all treatments containing fipronil, but none after exposure to bifenthrin, tefluthrin, k-cyhalothrin, chlorantraniliprole, spirotetramat, spinosad, or low rates of cyazypyr. Combining thiamethoxam with fipronil or a high rate of chlorpyrifos decreased the toxicity of the second compound. These findings largely explain why we observe stand protection without wireworm population reduction in efficacy studies with wheat seed treated with various pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticides, and suggest a similar result for other insecticides that only induce temporary morbidity. This bioassay allows for rapid screening of insecticides proposed for wireworm management before these are evaluated in labour-intensive and costly field trials.

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“…Lacon variabilis Cand., an Australian species, develops through 6-8 instars (Zacharuk 1962b), while in the southern USA Conoderus rudis develops through 3-4 instars (Seal and Chalfant 1994) and C. scissus through 7-10 . Lacon variabilis Cand., an Australian species, develops through 6-8 instars (Zacharuk 1962b), while in the southern USA Conoderus rudis develops through 3-4 instars (Seal and Chalfant 1994) and C. scissus through 7-10 .…”

Section: Mating Oviposition and Larval Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some genera (e.g., Limonius) prefer moist soils, others are obligate dryland species that disappear when it is brought under irrigation (e.g., Ctenicera, with the notable exception of C. cylindriformis ;Fox 1961). Little research has been done on this in recent years, notable exceptions being Zacharuk (1962b), Lees (1943), and Schaerffenberg (1942). Little research has been done on this in recent years, notable exceptions being Zacharuk (1962b), Lees (1943), and Schaerffenberg (1942).…”

Section: Preferences In Soil Type and Soil Moisture Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Not only are wireworms underground, they may also be anywhere from near the soil surface to 1.5 m deep (Andrews et al 2008), depending on the species, geography, temperature and moisture, cycles of feeding and moulting, presence or absence of ground cover (e.g., grass vs fallow), and location of food (e.g., Zacharuk 1962b, Doane et al 1975, Parker 1996. The development of efficient and accurate monitoring programs and risk assessment methods for use in management strategies for wireworms, however, has proven to be somewhat elusive.…”

Section: Sampling Wireworm Sampling and Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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