Seasonal and temporal changes of organic compounds in rain and snow

Czuczwa, Jean M.; Leuenberger, Christian; Giger, Walter

doi:10.1016/0004-6981(88)90268-5

Cited by 69 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Concentrations of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (TMB) ranged from 0.8 and 0.4 μg l −1 but only at sites TK and VG while 1,2,4-TMB concentrations ranged from 0.4 to 1.3 μg l −1 with levels at site TU below the detection limit (table 4). These concentrations are similar in magnitude to concentrations reported by Czuczwa et al (1988) for an urban location in Dubendorf, Switzerland where concentrations of ethylbenzene in winter snow ranged from 0.13 to 2.7 μg l −1 , mand p-xylenes between 0.17 and 7.4 μg l −1 , o-xylene between 0.067 and 1.5 μg l −1 , and 1,2,4-TMB between 0.027 and 1.3 μg l −1 . Czuczwa et al (1988) found that concentrations of alkylbenzenes were higher in snow and winter rain than in rain in the autumn, spring and summer months.…”

Section: Snowpack Metalssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…In the atmosphere, VOCs contribute to various environmental issues. VOCs can accumulate and persist in terrestrial and aquatic environments (Hester and Harrison 1995) and can contaminate drinking water supplies (Czuczwa et al 1988). Atmospheric VOCs are traditionally linked to urban environments, where incomplete combustion and fuel vaporization associated with motor vehicles are cited as a dominant source of VOC emissions (Wayne 2000, Hester andHarrison 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Major solutes, metals, and alkylated aromatic compounds in high-latitude maritime snowpacks near the trans-Alaska pipeline terminal, Valdez, Alaska

Bower¹,

Hood

Hoferkamp

2008

Environ. Res. Lett.

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Major solutes, metals, and alkylated aromatic compounds in high-latitude maritime snowpacks near the trans-Alaska pipeline terminal, Valdez, Alaska AbstractThe chemical constituents within a snowpack can provide information about the atmosphere through which the snow was deposited. Valdez is located in south-central Alaska and has a high-latitude maritime climate, with annual snowfall typically exceeding 8 m within the city limits. Valdez is also the termination point of the trans-Alaska pipeline system, where tankers are loaded with crude oil from the North Slope of Alaska. Integrated samples of the top 1 m of snow were collected at seven sites near Valdez and analyzed for major solutes, lead, and alkylated aromatic compounds, in particular benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX). For comparison, sites were also sampled near Juneau, Alaska, which has a similar climate but no petroleum transport infrastructure. Major solute chemistry at all sites was dominated by chloride and was consistent with a marine air mass source of ions in precipitation. Sulfate levels in Valdez were typically on the order of 10 μeq l −1 and significantly higher than found in Juneau snow. Other major solute levels were low in Valdez and Juneau. Lead levels were below detection limits for all sites, with the exception of trace concentrations (<0.4 μg l −1 ) reported at two Valdez locations. Alkylated organics were present at all Valdez locations, at levels similar to those documented previously in urban locations. No alkylated organics were detected in Juneau snowpacks.

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Section: Snowpack Metalssupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Major solutes, metals, and alkylated aromatic compounds in high-latitude maritime snowpacks near the trans-Alaska pipeline terminal, Valdez, Alaska

Bower¹,

Hood

Hoferkamp

2008

Environ. Res. Lett.

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“…The large water concentrations of both α‐HCH and γ‐HCH in 1999, compared to 1998 and 2000 (Table 1), likely are a result of a larger than normal winter snow pack measured at Bow Lake. Both particle‐bound and gas‐phase HCHs are scavenged readily from the atmosphere by snow [32,33]. After being deposited, HCHs readily elute through snow pack and drain during snowmelt [34].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air‐water gas exchange of chlorinated pesticides in four lakes spanning a 1,205 meter elevation range in the Canadian Rocky Mountains

Wilkinson

Kimpe

Blais

2005

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Concentrations of selected persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in air and water were measured from four lakes that transect the Canadian Rocky Mountains. These data were used in combination with wind velocity and temperature-adjusted Henry's law constants to estimate the direction and magnitude of chemical exchange across the air-water interface of these lakes. Bow Lake (1,975 m above sea level [masl]) was studied during the summers of 1998 through 2000; Donald (770 masl) was studied during the summer of 1999; Dixon Dam Lake (946 masl) and Kananaskis Lake (1,667 masl) were studied during the summer of 2000. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and dieldrin volatilized from Bow Lake in spring and summer of 1998 to 2000 at a rate of 0.92 +/-1.1 and 0.55+/-0.37 ng m(-2) d(-1), respectively. The alpha-endosulfan deposited to Bow Lake at a rate of 3.4+/-2.2 ng m(-2) d(-1). Direction of gas exchange for gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH) changed from net deposition in 1998 to net volatilization in 1999, partly because of a surge in y-HCH concentrations in the water at Bow Lake in 1999. Average gamma-HCH concentrations in air declined steadily over the three-year period, from 0.021 ng m(-3) in 1998, to 0.0023 ng m(-3) in 2000, and to volatilization in 1999 and 2000. Neither the concentrations of organochlorine compounds (OCs) in air and water, nor the direction and rate of air-water gas exchange correlate with temperature or elevation. In general, losses of pesticides by outflow were greater than the amount exchanged across the air-water interface in these lakes.

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“…organic components, Fe(II and III), Mn(II), Cu(II), Pb(II) and oxidants like O 2 , O 3 , H 2 O 2 , OH • can be present (3). organic components, Fe(II and III), Mn(II), Cu(II), Pb(II) and oxidants like O 2 , O 3 , H 2 O 2 , OH • can be present (3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Iron(ii) and Iron(iii) in Natural Waters

Areias

Ávila-Terra

Gaubeur

et al. 2001

Spectroscopy Letters

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A new analytical method employing di-2-pyridyl ketone salicyloylhydrazone (DPKSH) as a colorimetric chelating agent for simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of iron(II) and iron(III) in natural waters has been developed. Both of the complex ions show an absorbance maximum at 375 nm, with 4.21 × 10 4 and 1.26 × 10 4 l · mol −1 · cm −1 as the molar absorptivities, respectively, for Fe(II) and Fe(III). DPKSH complexes with Fe(II) show another absorbance maximum at 644 nm and a molar absorptivity equal to 1.27 × 10 4 l · mol −1 · cm −1 . The detection limits are 0.09 µM for Fe(II) and 0.22 µM for Fe(II + III). Concentration approaches were done by using data from five analytical curves for Fe(II), Fe(III) and Fe(II + III) solutions and the use of the respective equations was evaluated in respect on the accurity. Analytical interference studies on some ions probably found in natural waters have also been ORDER REPRINTS 290DA CUNHA AREIAS ET AL.carried out. This analytical method was used to determine Fe(II) and Fe(III) in natural waters and compared to the 2,2 -bipyridyl and Atomic Absorption spectroscopy methods.

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Seasonal and temporal changes of organic compounds in rain and snow

Cited by 69 publications

References 23 publications

Major solutes, metals, and alkylated aromatic compounds in high-latitude maritime snowpacks near the trans-Alaska pipeline terminal, Valdez, Alaska

Major solutes, metals, and alkylated aromatic compounds in high-latitude maritime snowpacks near the trans-Alaska pipeline terminal, Valdez, Alaska

Air‐water gas exchange of chlorinated pesticides in four lakes spanning a 1,205 meter elevation range in the Canadian Rocky Mountains

A New Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Iron(ii) and Iron(iii) in Natural Waters

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