Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Ammonia Emissions from an Open-Lot Dairy Operation

Mukhtar, Saqib; Mutlu, Atilla; Capareda, Sergio C.; Parnell, Calvin B.

doi:10.3155/1047-3289.58.3.369

Cited by 41 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…Variations were likely due to temperature variations and uneven distribution of excretal returns at various GLASs at the dairy operation. Mukhtar et al [35] reported highly variable ammonia emission rates from open-lot surfaces at a free-stall dairy in Central Texas due to variable temperature, manure loading rates, and manure bacterial activity of the GLAS. ER is the emissions rate; GLAS is the ground level area sources; TNA is the total animal used to estimate ER at each GLAS; LQ is the lower quartile value; UQ is the upper quartile value; Medians followed by the same letter in columns for a particular compound are not significantly different (p > 0.05).…”

Section: Estimation Of Emission Rates (Ers) At the Dairy Operationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ground Level Area Sources in Dairy and Cattle Feedyard Operations

et al. 2011

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A protocol that consisted of an isolation flux chamber and a portable gas chromatograph was used to directly quantify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at a dairy and a feedyard operation in the Texas Panhandle. Field sampling campaigns were performed 5 consecutive days only during daylight hours from 9:00 am to 7:00 pm each day. The objective of this research was to quantify and compare GHG emission rates (ERs) from ground level area sources (GLAS) at dairy and cattle feedyard operations during the summer. A total of 74 air samples using flux chamber were collected from the barn (manure lane and bedding area), loafing pen, open lot, settling basin, lagoons, and compost pile within the dairy operation. For the cattle feedyard, a total of 87 air samples were collected from four corner pens of a large feedlot, runoff holding pond, and compost pile. Three primary GHGs (methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide) were measured and quantified from both operations. The aggregate estimated ERs for CH 4 , CO 2 , and N 2 O were 836, 5573, 3.4 g hd(collectively 27.5 kg carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 e) hd), respectively, at the dairy operation. The aggregate ERs for CH 4 , CO 2 , and N 2 O were 3.8, 1399, 0.68 g hd(1.7 kg CO 2 e hd), respectively, from the feedyard. The estimated USEPA GHG ERs were about 13.2 and 1.16 kg CO 2 e hd, respectively, for dairy and feedyard operations. Aggregate CH 4 , CO 2 and N 2 O ERs at the dairy facility were about 219, 4 and 5 times higher, respectively, than those at the feedyard. OPEN ACCESSAtmosphere 2011, 2 304At the dairy, average CH 4 ERs estimated from the settling basin, primary and secondary lagoons were significantly higher than those from the other GLAS, contributing about 98% of the aggregate CH 4 emission. The runoff holding pond and pen surface of the feedyard contributed about 99% of the aggregate CH 4 emission. Average CO 2 and N 2 O ERs estimated from the pen surface area were significantly higher than those estimated from the compost pile and runoff pond. The pen surface alone contributed about 93% and 84% of the aggregate CO 2 and N 2 O emission, respectively. Abatement and management practices that address GHG emissions from these sources will likely be most effective for reducing facility emissions.

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Section: Estimation Of Emission Rates (Ers) At the Dairy Operationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ground Level Area Sources in Dairy and Cattle Feedyard Operations

et al. 2011

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“…The differences were likely because of temperature variations and uneven distribution of excreta at different GLAS in the dairy operation. Mukhtar et al 27 reported highly variable NH 3 emission factors from open-lot surfaces in a free-stall dairy in central Texas because of variable temperature, manure loading rates, and manure bacterial activity of the GLAS.…”

Section: Estimation Of Ers In Different Glasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Others have also reported high variations because of the disparate distribution of manure in the CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from the barn and animal manure storage facilities. 14,27 CH 4 Concentrations. During the summer, the highest average CH 4 concentration was measured from the settling basin, followed by the primary lagoon and loafing pen ( Table 3).…”

Section: Ghg Concentrations In Different Glasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…27 To calculate the monthly average temperature data, the long-term (1963-2010) average ambient temperature data were downloaded from the National Climatic Data Center website and processed by the TexasET network of the Texas Agrilife Extension, Texas A&M System (http://texaset.tamu.edu/temp.php). The closest weather station was located approximately 35 mi away from the dairy operation.…”

Section: Estimate Of Annualized Ersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determining Seasonal Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ground-Level Area Sources in a Dairy Operation in Central Texas

Borhan

Capareda

Mukhtar

et al. 2011

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural production operations are recognized as an important air quality issue. A new technique following the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Method TO-14A was used to measure GHG emissions from ground-level area sources (GLAS) in a free-stall dairy operation in central Texas. The objective of this study was to quantify and report GHG emission rates (ERs) from the dairy during the summer and winter using this protocol. A weeklong sampling was performed during each season. A total of 75 and 66 chromatograms of air samples were acquired from six delineated GLAS (loafing pen, walkway, barn, silage pile, settling basin, and lagoon) of the same dairy during summer and winter, respectively. Three primary GHGsmethane (CH 4 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and nitrous oxide (N 2 O)-were identified from the dairy operation during the sampling periods. The estimated overall ERs for CH 4 , CO 2 , and N 2 O during the summer for this dairy were 274, 6005, and 7.96 g head Ϫ1 day Ϫ1 , respectively. During the winter, the estimated overall CH 4 , CO 2 , and N 2 O ERs were 52, 7471, and 3.59 g head Ϫ1 day Ϫ1 , respectively. The overall CH 4 and N 2 O ERs during the summer were approximately 5.3 and 2.2 times higher than those in the winter for the free-stall dairy. These seasonal variations were likely due to fluctuations in ambient temperature, dairy manure loading rates, and manure microbial activity of GLAS. The annualized ERs for CH 4 , CO 2 , and N 2 O for this dairy were estimated to be 181, 6612, and 6.13 g head Ϫ1 day Ϫ1 , respectively. Total GHG emissions calculated for this dairy with 500 cows were 2250 t of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 e) per year.

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“…Previous research reported that ambient temperature, soil moisture, and manure composition are the primary factors controlling anaerobic decomposition in feedyard soils (Miller and Varel, 2001). Mukhtar et al (2008) also reported highly variable ammonia (NH 3 ) emissions from open-lot sources in a free-stall dairy in central Texas due to variable manure loading rates.…”

Section: Phenol and P-cresol Concentrations In Different Glasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of seasonal phenol andp-cresol emissions from ground-level area sources in a dairy operation in central Texas

Borhan

Capareda

Mukhtar

et al. 2011

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Although there are more than 200 odor-causing volatile organic compounds (VOCs), phenol and p-cresol are two prominent odor-causing VOCs found downwind from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). The VOC emissions from cattle and dairy production are difficult to quantify accurately because of their low concentrations, spatial variability, and limitations of available instruments. To quantify VOCs, a protocol following U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method TO-14A has been established based on the isolation flux chamber method and a portable gas chromatograph (GC) coupled with a purge-and-trap system. The general objective of this research was to quantify phenol and p-cresol emission rates (ERs) from different ground-level area sources (GLASs) in a free-stall dairy during summer and winter seasons using this protocol. Two-week-long sampling campaigns were conducted in a dairy operation in central Texas. Twenty-nine air samples were collected during winter and 37 samples were collected during summer from six specifically delineated GLASs (barn, loafing pen, lagoon, settling basin, silage pile, and walkway) at the free-stall dairy. Thirteen VOCs were identified during the sampling period and the GC was calibrated for phenol and p-cresol, the primary odorous VOCs identified. The overall calculated ERs for phenol and p-cresol were 2656 AE 728 and 763 AE 212 mg hd À1 day À1 , respectively, during winter. Overall phenol and p-cresol ERs were calculated to be 1183 AE 361 and 551 AE 214 mg hd À1 day À1 , respectively, during summer. In general, overall phenol and p-cresol ERs during winter were about 2.3 and 1.4 times, respectively, higher than those during summer.Implications: Concentrated animal feeding operations contribute a considerable amount of VOCs to the atmosphere. The phenol and p-cresol are two VOCs recognized as potential odor-causing compounds emitted from livestock operation. To develop effective strategies for mitigating livestock odorous VOC emissions, relative emissions from different GLAS in a livestock operation under different climate conditions should be quantified. It is also important to obtain direct estimates of VOC emissions from different GLAS in CAFOs to compile emission inventories. This research determined phenol and p-cresol emissions from different GLAS in a free-stall dairy and also identified areas in a dairy operations that have the highest phenol and p-cresol emissions.

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Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Ammonia Emissions from an Open-Lot Dairy Operation

Cited by 41 publications

References 5 publications

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ground Level Area Sources in Dairy and Cattle Feedyard Operations

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ground Level Area Sources in Dairy and Cattle Feedyard Operations

Determining Seasonal Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ground-Level Area Sources in a Dairy Operation in Central Texas

Comparison of seasonal phenol andp-cresol emissions from ground-level area sources in a dairy operation in central Texas

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