Seasonal and geographical variation of terpenes, resin acids and total phenolics in nursery grown seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

Abstract

S L' M M .\ R •^'Variations ol'terpenc, resin acid and total phenolic concentrutions in yuung seedlings of SiicitF. pine (Pinus sy L,) from nine different seed origins growing in three locations of different latitudes, in Finland and Kstonia, wert investigated in autumn 1991 and spring 1992. Seasonal variation uas remarkahle in monoterpene, resin acid and total phenolic concentrations. In spring there was more 3-carene, a-pinene, /^-pinene + sabinene and total monoterpenes m pine shoots, and less myrcene and tncyclerie compared to autumn. Concentrations of some individual resin acids, levopimaric and dehydroahietic acids, were higher in autumn. The total phenolic concentration vvas higher in spring. In the most northern location, the concentrations of total monoterpenes and total phenolics were lowest. The total resin acid concentration vvas highest in the middle location, and indi\idual resin acids, palustric and neoabietic acids, w ere more common in the most northern location. Seed origin had no significant effects either to the resin acid or total phenolic concentrations. There wt're almost equal concentrations of total phenolics and resin acids in northern and southern t)rigins. Instead some individual monoterpenes. limonene, tricyclene, camphene, /f-pinene + sabinene and hornylacetate, were more common in northern seed origins. The results suggest that the origin of the seed material is not so important in affecting the concentrations of secondary compounds as are the en\ ironmental factors.

Determination of Terpenoid Content in Pine by Organic Solvent Extraction and Fast-GC Analysis

“…Trimethylsilyl diterpenoid resin acids (pimaric, levopimaric, isopimaric, palustric, dehydroabietic, abietic, and neoabietic acids) were detected in the PLW extract solvent. Several types of terpenoids detected in PLW in this study agree with reported terpenoids found in other pine sources (Nerg et al, 1994;Manninen et al, 2002;Bojovic et al, 2005;Ormeño et al, 2007;Bohlmann and Keeling, 2008;Rodrigues-Corrêa et al, 2012;Achotegui-Castells et al, 2013) and show some similarities with terpenoids present in spruce (Martin et al, 2002;Zhao et al, 2010). For example, the most abundant monoterpenes extracted from PLW were in agreement with the most abundant monoterpenes present in pine wood and foliage, being α-and β-pinene.…”

“…Monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes have also been investigated as potential sources of renewable fuel (Monteiro and Veloso, 2004;Harvey et al, 2009;Peralta-Yahya et al, 2011;Renninger et al, 2011;Meylemans et al, 2012;Rodrigues-Corrêa et al, 2012;Hellier et al, 2013;Vallinayagam et al, 2014). Efforts have been made to understand the genetic, ecological, and physicochemical processes behind the production and accumulation of terpenoids in pine and other feedstocks (Nerg et al, 1994;Manninen et al, 2002;Martin et al, 2002;Bojovic et al, 2005;Schmidt et al, 2011;Achotegui-Castells et al, 2013;Susaeta et al, 2014). For this type of research, it is important to accurately measure the terpenoid content in biomass to be able to compare the variables potentially affecting terpenoid production and accumulation.…”

“…Efforts have been made to understand the genetic, ecological, and physicochemical processes behind the production and accumulation of terpenoids in pine and other feedstocks (Nerg et al, 1994;Manninen et al, 2002;Martin et al, 2002;Bojovic et al, 2005;Schmidt et al, 2011;Achotegui-Castells et al, 2013;Susaeta et al, 2014). For this type of research, it is important to accurately measure the terpenoid content in biomass to be able to compare the variables potentially affecting terpenoid production and accumulation.…”

Chemodiversity of a Scots pine stand and implications for terpene air concentrations

“…A strong heritability in Swedish Scots pines was demonstrated by Baradat et al (1988) for 3 -carene, myrcene, limonene and β-phellandrene, while pinenes and sabinene varied more with environmental factors. The southern pine populations contained more of the high 3 -carene chemotype trees than northern populations in both Sweden and Finland (Yazdani et al, 1985;Muona et al, 1986;Pohjola, 1993;Manninen et al, 2002), whereas limonene content in pine needles increased towards north (Nerg et al, 1994). This variation was mostly found in natural stands and it was suggested to depend on ecological factors influencing adaptation to differing conditions between south and north (Muona et al, 1986; Pohjola et al, (Table 1). 1993), such as day length and length of growing season.…”

Susceptibility of ectomycorrhizal and non‐mycorrhizal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings to a generalist insect herbivore, Lygus rugulipennis, at two nitrogen availability levels

“…Total phenolics in pine shoots were not decreased at elevated levels of N in this experiment, as predicted by the C\nutrient balance hypothesis (Bryant et al, 1983), and shown in many other investigations (Haukioja, Niemela$ & Sire! n, 1985 ;Mattson & Palmer, 1988 ;Dustin & Cooper-Driver, 1992 ;Nerg et al, 1994 ;Holopainen et al, 1995 ;Kainulainen et al, 1996). On the other hand, there are contradictory results about the effects of N availability on terpenes and resin acids.…”