Seasonal and bleaching‐induced changes in coral reef metabolism and CO<sub>2</sub> flux

Kayanne, Hajime; Harada, Hiroshi; Kudo, Setsuko; Yamano, Hiroya; Watanabe, Atsushi; Ikeda, Yutaka; Nozaki, Ken; Kato, Ken; Negishi, Akira; Saitô, Hiroshi

doi:10.1029/2004gb002400

Cited by 99 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(60 reference statements)

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“…The quantitative relationships between reef carbonate chemistry, reef scale biogeochemistry, hydrodynamics, local reef geomorphology, and ecological community composition have been examined in detail in a new and useful model . Comparing these values to pre-1998 El Nino bleaching event estimates from 1994, NCP, respiration, gross production, and calcification dropped by 32%, 46%, 44%, and 57%, respectively, by 2000 (Kayanne et al 2005). The NCC and NCP rates we report here, 220.4 (6 7.8) to 41.2 (6 37.7) mmol C m 22 h 21 and 77.3 (6 95) to 64 (6 22) mmol C m 22 h 21 , respectively, for a back-reef environment are an order of magnitude greater than those reported for the large western lagoon and the reef flat habitat on Palau.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐resolution carbon budgets on a Palau back‐reef modulated by interactions between hydrodynamics and reef metabolism

Teneva

Dunbar

Mucciarone

et al. 2013

Limnology & Oceanography

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Diel trends in carbon chemistry and hydrodynamic regimes were measured on a coral-dominated back-reef community in the Republic of Palau, western Pacific. Observed diel ranges over 5 d were pH 7.92-8.09, partial pressure of carbon dioxide 33.4-52.7 Pa, measured total alkalinity 2080-2272 mmol kg 21 , total dissolved inorganic carbon 1763-1939 mmol kg 21 , aragonite saturation state 2.84-3.98, and calcite saturation state 4.44-5.67. The combination of reef metabolism and hydrodynamic regimes drives this variability. We report net community calcification (NCC) and net community production (NCP) rates of 220.4 (6 7.8) to 41.2 (6 37.7) mmol CaCO 3 m 22 h 21 and 77.3 (6 95) to 64 (6 22) mmol C m 22 h 21 , respectively. Using a control volume approach, we show that NCC and NCP rate estimates are quite sensitive to the effective control volume dimensions. At this site, tracking vertical mixing of water masses within the control volume shows that active water mixing is often confined to a region 2-3 m above the corals. Vertical carbon mass fluxes into and out of the benthic environment were unexpectedly large for the slow current flow rates observed, suggesting that coral morphology or reef rugosity may affect mass transport of carbon and nutrients. The ranges of NCC and NCP values highlight the need for additional field work on various reefs to tune and optimize the control volume approach to achieve its full potential for reef metabolism monitoring.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐resolution carbon budgets on a Palau back‐reef modulated by interactions between hydrodynamics and reef metabolism

Teneva

Dunbar

Mucciarone

et al. 2013

Limnology & Oceanography

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“…Further, we still know little in regards to how the photosynthesis:respiration ratio is regulated in reef systems on seasonal and large spatial scales. Photosynthesis and respiration quantified by O 2 evolution of a coral community (Kayanne et al 2005) as well as for individual coral species (Al-Sofyani & Davies 1992, Nakamura et al 2004) have previously been documented over seasonal scales. However, the findings in these studies were not consistent, suggesting that local environmental conditions, and possibly adaptive traits of the investigated holobionts, can exert important influences on metabolic processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in photosynthesis and respiration in geographically distinct populations of two reef‑building coral species

Ulstrup¹,

Kühl²,

Oppen³

et al. 2011

Aquat. Biol.

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Studies of the regulation and importance of physiological processes such as coral photosynthesis and respiration on coral reefs require knowledge of spatio-temporal patterns of variability at different scales. Oxygen microelectrodes were used to measure photosynthesis and dark respiration of 2 corals, Pocillopora damicornis and Turbinaria reniformis, in the northern (Lizard Island) and central (Davies and Broadhurst Reefs) regions of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) in winter and summer. Genetic characterisation of Symbiodinium revealed that P. damicornis hosted a single symbiont type (Symbiodinium C1) in both regions, whereas T. reniformis harboured 2 types, dependent on location. Colonies at Lizard Island harboured Symbiodinium D, whereas colonies at Davies Reef harboured Symbiodinium C2. Rates of gross photosynthesis were greater in the central than in the northern GBR in summer. A similar pattern was detected for dark respiration rates in T. reniformis. No seasonal change in either photosynthesis or dark respiration was evident in the northern GBR, possibly due to less annual variability in light conditions, and for T. reniformis, additionally the presence of Symbiodinium D. These results highlight that environmental conditions coupled with regional-scale distribution of Symbiodinium are likely to exert important influences on respiration and photosynthetic performance of reef-building corals.

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“…Similarly, 5.8 kg CaCO 3 /m 2 /y will be required to maintain wave height reduction by the facies under 0.98 m SLR by 2100 (highest value for RCP 8.5). Field measurements of the reef crest community at the core site following the mass bleaching event in 1998 showed that the calcification rate decreased from 130 to 74 mmol C/m 2 /day, equivalent to a rate of 4.7-2.7 kg CaCO 3 /m 2 /y (Kayanne et al, 2005). Coinciding 10 with the bleaching event, the coral cover decreased from 8.1% to 1.4% (Kayanne et al, 2005).…”

Section: Coastal Risk Reduction Through Future Reef Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Field measurements of the reef crest community at the core site following the mass bleaching event in 1998 showed that the calcification rate decreased from 130 to 74 mmol C/m 2 /day, equivalent to a rate of 4.7-2.7 kg CaCO 3 /m 2 /y (Kayanne et al, 2005). Coinciding 10 with the bleaching event, the coral cover decreased from 8.1% to 1.4% (Kayanne et al, 2005). Therefore, we assume that if the coral cover is ~1% in 2100 the corals will keep pace with 0.44 m SLR under RCP 2.6, but >8% coral cover will be needed under RCP 8.5 to reduce wave height and the risk of coastal damage at the study site.…”

Section: Coastal Risk Reduction Through Future Reef Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Projecting the risk of damage to reef-lined coasts due to intensified tropical cyclones and sea level rise in Palau to 2100

Hongo

Kurihara

Golbuu

2017

Preprint

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Abstract. Tropical cyclones (TCs), sea level rise (SLR), and storm surges cause major problems including beach erosion, saltwater intrusion into groundwater, and damage to infrastructure in coastal areas. The magnitude and extent of damage is predicted to increase as a consequence of future climate change and local factors. Upward reef growth has attracted attention for its role as a natural breakwater able to reduce the risks of natural disasters to coastal communities. However, projections of change in the risk to coastal reefs under conditions of intensified TCs, SLR, and storm surges are poorly quantified. In this 15 study we assessed the current status of natural breakwaters on Melekeok reef in the Palau Islands. Based on wave simulations we predicted the potential effects on the reef by 2100 of intensified TCs (significant wave height at the outer ocean = 8.7-11.0 m; significant wave period at the outer ocean = 13-15 s), SLR (0.24-0.98 m), and storm surge. The simulation was conducted for two reef condition scenarios: a degraded reef and a healthy reef. Analyses of reef growth based on drillcores enabled an assessment of the coral community and rate of reef production that are necessary to reduce the risk 20 to the coast of TCs, SLR, and storm surges. The reef is currently highly effective in dissipating incoming waves, with the reef crest to the upper reef slope reducing wave height by 75%, and the entire reef dissipating waves by 88% of the incident wave height. However, our calculations show that under intensified TCs, SLR, and storm surges, by 2100 significant wave heights at the reef flat will increase from 1.05-1.24 m at present to 2.14 m if reefs are degraded. Similarly, by 2100 the sea level at the shoreline will increase from 0.86-2.10 m at present to 1.19-3.45 m if reefs are degraded. These predicted 25 changes will probably cause beach erosion, saltwater intrusion into groundwater, and damage to infrastructure. However, our simulation indicates that reef growth reduces the wave height by a maximum of 0.44 m at the reef flat by 2100. These findings emphasize the need for future reef formation to reduce the damaging effects of waves on the coastline. Corymbose Acropora corals will be key to reducing such effects, and 2.6-5.8 kg CaCO 3 /m 2 /y will be required to build the reef by 2100.If the RCP 8.5 scenario is realized by 2100, an increase in coral cover of >8% will be needed to reduce the impact of waves 30 on the coastline. The use of coral reef growth to reduce disaster risk will be more cost-effective than building artificial Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., doi:10.5194/nhess-2017Discuss., doi:10.5194/nhess- -3, 2017 Manuscript under review for journal Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discussion started: 16 March 2017 c Author(s) 2017. CC-BY 3.0 License. 2 barriers. Benefits in addition to reducing disaster risk include the ecological services provided by reefs, and marine products and tourism. Research of the type described here will be required to advise policy development directed at d...

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Seasonal and bleaching‐induced changes in coral reef metabolism and CO₂ flux

Cited by 99 publications

References 44 publications

High‐resolution carbon budgets on a Palau back‐reef modulated by interactions between hydrodynamics and reef metabolism

High‐resolution carbon budgets on a Palau back‐reef modulated by interactions between hydrodynamics and reef metabolism

Variation in photosynthesis and respiration in geographically distinct populations of two reef‑building coral species

Projecting the risk of damage to reef-lined coasts due to intensified tropical cyclones and sea level rise in Palau to 2100

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Seasonal and bleaching‐induced changes in coral reef metabolism and CO2 flux

Cited by 99 publications

References 44 publications

High‐resolution carbon budgets on a Palau back‐reef modulated by interactions between hydrodynamics and reef metabolism

High‐resolution carbon budgets on a Palau back‐reef modulated by interactions between hydrodynamics and reef metabolism

Variation in photosynthesis and respiration in ­geographically distinct populations of two reef‑building coral species

Projecting the risk of damage to reef-lined coasts due to intensified tropical cyclones and sea level rise in Palau to 2100

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Seasonal and bleaching‐induced changes in coral reef metabolism and CO₂ flux

Variation in photosynthesis and respiration in geographically distinct populations of two reef‑building coral species