Seasonal and Annual Fluxes of Nutrients and Organic Matter from Large Rivers to the Arctic Ocean and Surrounding Seas

Holmes, Robert M.; McClelland, J. W.; Peterson, Bruce J.; Tank, Suzanne E.; Bulygina, E. B.; Eglinton, T. I.; Гордеев, В. В.; Gurtovaya, Tatiana Yu.; Raymond, Peter A.; Repeta, Daniel J.; Staples, Robin; Striegl, Robert G.; Zhulidov, Alexander V.; Zimov, S. A.

doi:10.1007/s12237-011-9386-6

Cited by 580 publications

(893 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…[12] Although the Arctic Ocean comprises ,4 % of the world's oceans by area it receives 11 % of global runoff. Much of this runoff is from locations underlain by permafrost that is degrading in response to climate warming.…”

Section: Since 1993 Prof Henrik Skov Has Worked As Principal Scientimentioning

confidence: 99%

The fate of mercury in Arctic terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, a review

Douglas

Loseto²,

Macdonald³

et al. 2012

Environ. Chem.

121

147

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Environmental context. Mercury, in its methylated form, is a neurotoxin that biomagnifies in marine and terrestrial foodwebs leading to elevated levels in fish and fish-eating mammals worldwide, including at numerous Arctic locations. Elevated mercury concentrations in Arctic country foods present a significant exposure risk to Arctic people. We present a detailed review of the fate of mercury in Arctic terrestrial and marine ecosystems, taking into account the extreme seasonality of Arctic ecosystems and the unique processes associated with sea ice and Arctic hydrology.Abstract. This review is the result of a series of multidisciplinary meetings organised by the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme as part of their 2011 Assessment 'Mercury in the Arctic'. This paper presents the state-of-the-art knowledge on the environmental fate of mercury following its entry into the Arctic by oceanic, atmospheric and terrestrial pathways. Our focus is on the movement, transformation and bioaccumulation of Hg in aquatic (marine and fresh water) and terrestrial ecosystems. The processes most relevant to biological Hg uptake and the potential risk associated with Hg exposure in wildlife are emphasised. We present discussions of the chemical transformations of newly deposited or transported Hg in marine, fresh water and terrestrial environments and of the movement of Hg from air, soil and water environmental compartments into food webs. Methylation, a key process controlling the fate of Hg in most ecosystems, and the role of trophic processes in controlling Hg in higher order animals are also included. Case studies on Eastern Beaufort Sea beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) and landlocked Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) are presented as examples of the relationship between ecosystem trophic processes and biologic Hg levels. We examine whether atmospheric mercury depletion events (AMDEs) contribute to increased Hg levels in Arctic biota and provide information on the links between organic carbon and Hg speciation, dynamics and bioavailability. Long-term sequestration of Hg into non-biological archives is also addressed. The review concludes by identifying major knowledge gaps in our understanding, including:(1) the rates of Hg entry into marine and terrestrial ecosystems and the rates of inorganic and MeHg uptake by Arctic microbial and algal communities; (2) the bioavailable fraction of AMDE-related Hg and its rate of accumulation by biota and (3) the fresh water and marine MeHg cycle in the Arctic, especially the marine MeHg cycle.

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Section: Since 1993 Prof Henrik Skov Has Worked As Principal Scientimentioning

confidence: 99%

The fate of mercury in Arctic terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, a review

Douglas

Loseto²,

Macdonald³

et al. 2012

Environ. Chem.

121

147

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Because little seems to be known about their nutrient contents of Arctic rivers (but see the recent paper by Holmes et al, 2012), and because during model simulation the nutrient supply via these rivers may get trapped in the Arctic, we excluded the 14 rivers that discharge north of 60 • N, namely Yenisei, Lena, Ob, MacKenzie, Yukon, Pechora, Severnaya Dvina, Khatanga-Popigay, Kolyma, Pyasina, Indigirka, Taz, Kuskokwim, and Copper. For the remaining 61 rivers, we calculated the minimum distance of their mouth's location to the corresponding model location in the MIT2.8 configuration.…”

Section: Appendix B Data Set For River Runoffmentioning

confidence: 99%

Swept under the carpet: organic matter burial decreases global ocean biogeochemical model sensitivity to remineralization length scale

Kriest

Oschlies

2013

Biogeosciences

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Abstract. Although of substantial importance for marine tracer distributions and eventually global carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen fluxes, the interaction between sinking and remineralization of organic matter, benthic fluxes and burial is not always represented consistently in global biogeochemical models. We here aim to investigate the relationships between these processes with a suite of global biogeochemical models, each simulated over millennia, and compared against observed distributions of pelagic tracers and benthic and pelagic fluxes.We concentrate on the representation of sediment-water interactions in common numerical models, and investigate their potential impact on simulated global sediment-water fluxes and nutrient and oxygen distributions. We find that model configurations with benthic burial simulate global oxygen well over a wide range of possible sinking flux parameterizations, making the model more robust with regard to uncertainties about the remineralization length scale. On a global scale, burial mostly affects oxygen in the meso-to bathypelagic zone. While all model types show an almost identical fit to observed pelagic particle flux, and the same sensitivity to particle sinking speed, comparison to observational estimates of benthic fluxes reveals a more complex pattern, but definite interpretation is not straightforward because of heterogeneous data distribution and methodology. Still, evaluating model results against observed pelagic and benthic fluxes of organic matter can complement model assessments based on more traditional tracers such as nutrients or oxygen. Based on a combined metric of dissolved tracers and biogeochemical fluxes, we here identify two model descriptions of burial as suitable candidates for further experiments and eventual model refinements.

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“…Intensive sampling was initiated by the Pan-Arctic River Transport of Nutrients, Organic Matter, and Suspended Sediments (PARTNERS) project and later continued through the Arctic Great Rivers Observatory (Arctic-GRO). These efforts have led to major revisions of flux estimates for dissolved organic matter (DOM) and inorganic nutrients (Holmes et al 2012), as well as improved understanding 5 of the composition of DOM delivered to Arctic coastal waters. An additional scientific problem is related to the ongoing changes in Arctic fluxes, which are impacted by the sources trends across the watershed, which transmits the hydrogeochemical signal through the river system.…”

Section: Network (Gruan)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards the Marine Arctic Component of the Pan-Eurasian Experiment

Vihma

Uotila

Sandven³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract. The Arctic marine climate system is changing rapidly, seen as warming of the ocean and atmosphere, decline of sea ice cover, increase in river discharge, acidification of the ocean, and changes in marine ecosystems. Socio-economic activities 20 in the coastal and marine Arctic are simultaneously changing. This calls for establishment of a marine Arctic component of the Pan-Eurasian Experiment (MA-PEEX). There is a need for more in-situ observations on the marine atmosphere, sea ice, and ocean, but increasing the amount of such observations is a pronounced technological and logistical challenge. The SMEAR (Station Measuring Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations) concept can be applied in coastal and archipelago stations, but in the Arctic Ocean it will probably be more cost-effective to further develop a strongly distributed marine observation network 25 based on autonomous buoys, moorings, Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV), and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV).These have to be supported by research vessel and aircraft campaigns, as well as various coastal observations, including community-based ones. Major manned drifting stations may occasionally serve comparable to terrestrial SMEAR Flagship stations. To best utilize the observations, atmosphere-ocean reanalyses need to be further developed. To well integrate MA-PEEX with the existing terrestrial/atmospheric PEEX, focus is needed on the river discharge and associated fluxes, coastal 30 processes, as well as atmospheric transports in and out of the marine Arctic. More observations and research are also needed on the specific socio-economic challenges and opportunities in the marine and coastal Arctic, and on their interaction with changes in the climate and environmental system. MA-PEEX will promote international collaboration, sustainable marine Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi

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Seasonal and Annual Fluxes of Nutrients and Organic Matter from Large Rivers to the Arctic Ocean and Surrounding Seas

Cited by 580 publications

References 51 publications

The fate of mercury in Arctic terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, a review

The fate of mercury in Arctic terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, a review

Swept under the carpet: organic matter burial decreases global ocean biogeochemical model sensitivity to remineralization length scale

Towards the Marine Arctic Component of the Pan-Eurasian Experiment

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