Season of birth in schizophrenia and affective psychoses in Western Australia 1916±61

Morgan, Vera; Jablensky, Assen; Castle, David

doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00188.x

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…A role of maternally (but not paternally) transmitted fetal genes has been suggested (49), but no definitive evidence has been produced. Our finding of a reduction in birth weight in southern hemisphere springtime (and, in particular, September and October) in the offspring of schizophrenic mothers tallies well with our previously reported finding of a significant September excess of schizophrenic births during 1916-1961 in the Western Australian population (34). It also parallels closely, to the point of identity in both timing and size, the springtime birth weight reduction observed by Kendell et al (50) in a Scottish population-based sample of patients with schizophrenia who were born in April to June.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Northern hemisphere studies (33) have implicated winter birth as a possible risk factor in schizophrenia, although the results of studies in the southern hemisphere have been inconsistent (34). It has been suggested that the season of birth effect is mediated by obstetric complications occurring more frequently in the cold months of the year (35).…”

Section: Seasonality Of Obstetric Complicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pregnancy, Delivery, and Neonatal Complications in a Population Cohort of Women With Schizophrenia and Major Affective Disorders

Jablensky

Morgan²,

Zubrick³

et al. 2005

AJP

447

337

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Seasonality Of Obstetric Complicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pregnancy, Delivery, and Neonatal Complications in a Population Cohort of Women With Schizophrenia and Major Affective Disorders

Jablensky

Morgan²,

Zubrick³

et al. 2005

AJP

447

337

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show abstract

“…Previous data have suggested that winter births are associated with an increased incidence of later schizophrenia 67 . However, we observed no effect of season of birth on risk of schizophrenia.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 94%

No effect of season of birth on risk of type 1 diabetes, cancer, schizophrenia and ischemic heart disease, while some variations may be seen for pneumonia and multiple sclerosis

Streym¹,

Rejnmark²,

Mosekilde³

et al. 2013

Dermato-Endocrinology

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Background: The risk of type 1 diabetes (T1DM), infections, cancer, schizophrenia and multiple sclerosis (MS) has been associated with environmental factors including vitamin D status. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained from all children born in Denmark in 1940 (n = 72,839), 1977 (n = 89,570), and 1996 (n = 74,015). Information on contacts to hospitals (1977–2009) was obtained from the National Hospital Discharge Register. The main exposure variable was season of birth as a proxy variable for vitamin D status (summer: April–September and winter: October–March). Results: No associations between season of birth and risk of MS were seen in the 1940 cohort or the 1996 cohort. In the 1977 cohort, there was a borderline statistically significant decreased risk of MS in those born during wintertime compared with those born during summertime (HR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.47–1.04, p = 0.07). There were no significant differences within the groups regarding season and risk of T1DM at any age, T1DM before 10 y, infection, any type of cancer, schizophrenia and myocardial infarction. In the 1977 cohort the risk of pneumonia was significantly lower among those born in the summer compared with the winter at any age (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.85–0.97, p < 0.01) and at age < 10 y (HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.84–0.97, p < 0.01). Conclusion: MS and pneumonia in young subjects may be related to season of birth and thus maternal vitamin D exposure. Low sunlight exposure in the winter time leading to low vitamin D levels during pregnancy may be a potential explanation.

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“…While most studies in the Northern Hemisphere demonstrate concordant results (Boyd et al, 1986; Bradbury and Miller, 1985; Davies et al, 2003; Gallagher et al, 2007; Machón et al, 1983; Pallast et al, 1994; Torrey et al, 1996), studies examining the association between winter birth and schizophrenia in the Southern Hemisphere are less robust. Several reports of the southern hemisphere have found a positive association between birth during the winter months and an increased risk of schizophrenia (Morgan et al, 2001; Syme and Illingworth, 1978). Other reports have found associations between risk of schizophrenia and birth during peak rainfall season in Northeast Brazil (de Messias et al, 2001, 2006), late spring and summer births (Berk et al, 1996), as well as an increased risk of avolition and apathy in schizophrenic patients born during the autumn and winter months in Africa (Jordaan et al, 2006).…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral infection, inflammation and schizophrenia

Kneeland

Fatemi

2013

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

129

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Schizophrenia is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with genetic and environmental etiologies. Prenatal viral/bacterial infections and inflammation play major roles in the genesis of schizophrenia. In this review, we describe a viral model of schizophrenia tested in mice whereby the offspring of mice prenatally infected with influenza at E7, E9, E16, and E18 show significant gene, protein, and brain structural abnormalities postnatally. Similarly, we describe data on rodents exposed to bacterial infection or injected with a synthetic viral mimic (PolyI:C) also demonstrating brain structural and behavioral abnormalities. Moreover, human serologic data has been indispensible in supporting the viral theory of schizophrenia. Individuals born seropositive for bacterial and viral agents are at a significantly elevated risk of developing schizophrenia. While the specific mechanisms of prenatal viral/bacterial infections and brain disorder are unclear, recent findings suggest that the maternal inflammatory response may be associated with fetal brain injury. Preventive and therapeutic treatment options are also proposed. This review presents data related to epidemiology, human serology, and experimental animal models which support the viral model of schizophrenia.

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Season of birth in schizophrenia and affective psychoses in Western Australia 1916±61

Cited by 18 publications

References 28 publications

Pregnancy, Delivery, and Neonatal Complications in a Population Cohort of Women With Schizophrenia and Major Affective Disorders

Pregnancy, Delivery, and Neonatal Complications in a Population Cohort of Women With Schizophrenia and Major Affective Disorders

No effect of season of birth on risk of type 1 diabetes, cancer, schizophrenia and ischemic heart disease, while some variations may be seen for pneumonia and multiple sclerosis

Viral infection, inflammation and schizophrenia

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