Small peptides that inhibit the hepatitis C virus (HCV) at the stage of viral entry have the potential to serve as attractive antiviral drugs. Ribosome display is a cell-free system for in vitro selection of peptides from large random peptide libraries. Thus, we utilized a ribosome display library technique for affinity selection of HCV envelope protein E2-binding peptide ligands. Through 13 rounds of selection, the ribosome display system generated high-affinity 12-mer peptides, and the selected peptide PE2D (MAR HRNWPLVMV) demonstrated the highest specificity and affinity to the HCV E2 protein. Furthermore, amino acids 489 to 508 (YPPRPCGIVPAKSVCGPVYC) of E2 were identified as crucial for binding to PE2D. The selected peptides, especially PE2D, not only dramatically blocked E2 protein binding to hepatocytes but also dramatically inhibited HCV cell culture (HCVcc) entry into hepatocytes. HCVcc and HCV particles from HCV patient serum samples could also be specifically captured using PE2D. Our study demonstrates that the newly selected peptide ligand PE2D holds great promise for developing a new molecular probe, a therapeutic drug specifically for HCV, or an early-diagnostic reagent for HCV surface envelope antigen E2.Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, and infection with this virus frequently results in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (6, 9). Humans and chimpanzees are the only species that are susceptible to HCV infection. The lack of a small-animal model and difficulties in propagating HCV in cell culture have hampered HCV research. However, the production of infectious HCV in tissue culture was recently established from a cloned JFH-1 viral genome and has since been widely applied in many labs around the world (35,51,60). This new technique has played an important role in HCV-related research and drug discovery.