Searching ingredients polluted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in feeds due to atmospheric or pyrolytic sources

Yebra-Pimentel, Iria; Fernández-González, Ricardo; Martínez-Carballo, Elena; Simal‐Gándara, Jesús

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.069

Cited by 41 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…; Yebra‐Pimentel et al . ). Little is known on PAH levels in feeds for farmed fin fish species (Easton et al .…”

Section: Occurrence In Aquafeed Ingredientsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Polyaromatic hydrocarbons in aquafeeds, source, effects and potential implications for vitamin status of farmed fish species: a review

Berntssen¹,

Ørnsrud²,

Hamre³

et al. 2015

Aquacult Nutr

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Access to marine feed ingredients is considered a limiting factor for the rapidly growing aquaculture industry. With increasing inclusion of vegetable feed ingredients in aquafeeds, new challenges have arisen. Substituting marine oils and meals with vegetable ingredients has decreased the level of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in marine farmed fish such as Atlantic salmon. Consequently, this shift in feed ingredients has led to increased levels of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aquafeeds. Several of the PAHs listed are on EFSAs and EPAs list of priority substances. Not only are the carcinogenic and genotoxic properties of PAHs of concern, but also their ability to interact with and disrupt metabolic pathways such as vitamin metabolism and signalling. The interactions, and the potential depletion of vitamin stores that follows, are of particular interest as marine ingredients are naturally rich in micronutrients such as vitamins A and D. This study has summarized the current knowledge on the effect of PAHs commonly found in vegetable feed ingredients on vitamin metabolism/signalling and their possible implications in fish.

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“…; Yebra‐Pimentel et al . ). Little is known on PAH levels in feeds for farmed fin fish species (Easton et al .…”

Section: Occurrence In Aquafeed Ingredientsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…; Yebra‐Pimentel et al . ). The replacement of marine ingredients with plant feed ingredients, and in particular plant oils, gives an increase of PAH in salmon feeds (Berntssen et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons in aquafeeds, source, effects and potential implications for vitamin status of farmed fish species: a review

Berntssen¹,

Ørnsrud²,

Hamre³

et al. 2015

Aquacult Nutr

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“…Changes in this characteristic cluster provide hints for different origins of PAHs (8,9). Whereas, in sample #5 smaller PAHs dominate the pattern, Downloaded by [University of Nebraska, Lincoln] at 10:57 14 June 2016 sample #2 entails more of higher molecular PAHs in the volatility range of C 12 -C 38 .…”

Section: Mosh and Moah -Mineral Oil Fractions Examinedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Target Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Consumer Products and Total Content of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PACs)

Bartsch

Hutzler

Vieth

et al. 2016

Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds

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The fabrication of consumer products is tightly linked to the usage of polymeric materials. The application of mineral oil products as plasticizers or lubricants in this manufacture is very common and so is the addition of carbon black for coloring and abrasion resistance purposes. Whereas mineral oils often contain highly alkylated aromatic species, alkylation of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) is rather low or even absent in the case of carbon black. Since they are broadly applied in various products, consumers might get exposed to PACs, for instance, via dermal contacts. Here, we characterized several commodities not only via the common way of targeted analysis for their contents on PAHs, but also with regard to its total amounts of unsubstituted and substituted aromatic hydrocarbons. The methods applied to analyze consumer products were as follows: (i) online coupling of liquid chromatography to gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (LC-GC-FID) for quantification of total PAH and mineral oil saturated hydrocarbon (MOSH) contents; (ii) coupling of tandem mass spectrometry to gas chromatography (GC-MS/MS) to quantify occasionally occurring PAHs with high specificity; and (iii) 2D gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-MS) to characterize the complex mixtures concerning analytes' ring systems and degrees of alkylation. We found PAH contents in the range of parts per million (ppm) in consumer products, while overall amounts of aromatics were in the percent range.

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“…No upper limits for PAH in feed ingredients or animal feeds currently exist. The PAH levels of raw ingredients for feeds for farmed terrestrial animals such as cow, chicken, and pig have been reported in only few studies [11] and little is known on PAH levels in feeds for farmed fin fish species [17,18], especially for feed ingredients used in novel plant based fish feed [13,14,19].…”

Section: The European Union Has Set An Upper Limit For 4 Pahs (B[a]p mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unrefined plant oils obtained from oilseeds such as soybeans, rapeseeds, olive seeds, and sunflower seeds are known to contain elevated levels of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [6][7][8][9][10][11]. Although fish oil also contains PAHs from environmental pollution [12], the use of plant oils causes increased PAH levels in plant-based salmon feeds compared to marine-based feeds [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-class determination of undesirables in aquaculture samples by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization: A novel approach for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Portolés

Garlito

Nácher‐Mestre

et al. 2017

Talanta

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In this work, a method for the analysis of 24 PAHs in 19 different matrices, including fish tissues, feeds and feed ingredients, has been developed using gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source (GC-APCI-MS/MS). The method is based on a modification of the unbuffered QuEChERS method, using freezing as an additional clean-up step and applying a 20-fold dilution factor to the final extract. The procedure was also tested for 15 pesticides and 7 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in order to widen the scope of the method.The excellent sensitivity and selectivity provided by GC-APCI-MS/MS allowed the dilution of the sample extracts and quantification using calibration with standards in solvent for all the 19 matrices tested. The developed method was evaluated at 2, 5 and 50 ng·g -1 spiking levels. LOQs were 2 ng·g -1 for most compounds, and LODs ranged from 0.5 to 2 ng·g -1 .Analysis of real-world samples revealed the presence of naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene at concentration levels ranging from 4.8 to 187 ng·g -1 . No PCBs, DDTs and pesticides were found in fillets from salmon and sea bream.

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Searching ingredients polluted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in feeds due to atmospheric or pyrolytic sources

Cited by 41 publications

References 20 publications

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons in aquafeeds, source, effects and potential implications for vitamin status of farmed fish species: a review

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons in aquafeeds, source, effects and potential implications for vitamin status of farmed fish species: a review

Target Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Consumer Products and Total Content of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PACs)

Multi-class determination of undesirables in aquaculture samples by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization: A novel approach for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

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