Searching high and low: what types of firms use universities as a source of innovation?

Capturing value from alliance portfolio diversity: The mediating role of R&D human capital in high and low tech industries

“…This internal capability, referred to as absorptive capacity Levinthal, 1990, Cohen andLevinthal, 1989), determines utilise external knowledge flows successfully (Kim andInkpen, 2005, Lane andLubatkin, 1998). By accumulating a relevant base of knowledge, firms are likely to have better understanding of the new knowledge and harness external knowledge assets to support their innovative activities Gambardella, 1994, Laursen andSalter, 2004). Such open sourcing strategies require high levels of human capital (Teixeira andTavares-Lehmann, 2014, Fukugawa, 2013).…”

Engaging the scholar: Three types of academic consulting and their impact on universities and industry

“…The null hypothesis is that the contribution of commercialisation-driven consulting to successful technology development does not differ from cases where no consulting or merely non-inventor consulting is provided. Proposition 4b can be operationalized by relating the volume of academics' research-based based consulting to a measure of their clients' engagement in long-term R&D (Laursen and Salter, 2004).…”

Formal and informal external linkages and firms’ innovative strategies. A cross-country comparison

“…Theoretical papers have argued that external actors represent important sources of information for innovation and thus a positive relationship between the extent of reliance upon external linkages and firm R&D performance should exist (Chesbrough 2003). Empirical research has instead looked at the nature of the linkages distinguishing between the role played by specific actors such as suppliers, customers (von Hippel 1988), and universities (Cohen et al 2002;Laursen and Salter 2004) as sources of information or as partners in formal linkages such as technological agreements and R&D joint ventures (Freeman 1991;Hagedoorn 2002). However, the analysis of the role played by external linkages in the innovation process goes beyond the acknowledgement of their impact on firm performance and/or their nature and entails several aspects not all equally well explored in the existing literature.…”