Searching for Social Sustainability: The Case of the Shrinking City of Heerlen, The Netherlands

Abstract

Shrinkage is a relevant phenomenon for many cities and this trend is predicted to continue in the future. Although urban shrinkage is well recognized in academic discourse, little research has been undertaken on its social aspects. This paper explores the concept of social capital in the context of urban shrinkage and elaborates on how it contributes to social sustainability in shrinking cities. After defining the concepts, we identify resources, empowerment, and participation as key indicators of social capital in the context of urban shrinkage. The paper analyzes these indicators in the shrinking, old industrial city of Heerlen, the Netherlands, based on 24 in-depth interviews with citizens, policy-makers, and entrepreneurs, as well as secondary data. The findings reveal the prominence of three interrelated issues: the importance of local culture, subjective experiences of shrinkage, and a lack of trust between citizens and politicians. We conclude that social capital can facilitate social sustainability in the context of urban shrinkage. However, trust and empowerment are not guaranteed in a shrinking context. In shrinking cities more investments should be made to foster cooperation between civil society and politics and the development of mutual trust.

Critical reflections on the theory and practice of social sustainability in the built environment – a meta-analysis

“…As we discussed earlier, despite critiques on the sufficiency of tripartite structure of sustainable development and reformist views which suggest complementary pillars to fill the gaps and establish coherent and comprehensive formulations, the social dimension remains a valid pillar. However, social sustainability has been repeatedly claimed to be the least developed element of sustainable development (Ročak et al 2016, Yoo and Lee 2016, Woodcraft 2012, Colantonio and Dixon 2011, Cuthill 2010, Davidson 2010, Bramley et al 2009, Colantonio 2009, Koning 2002, Yiftachel and Hedgcock, 1993. Different approaches to social sustainability have resulted in a fragmented, sometimes contradictory, body of literature.…”

Linking Transitions to Sustainability: A Study of the Societal Effects of Transition Management

“…Social capital is frequently linked to sustainability, especially to its social aspects [101,105,106]. Social capital thereby contributes to the wellbeing of communities, their sustainability and ability to function.…”

Spatial trajectories in early life: Moving on or returning home?

“…In the Netherlands, young adults leave their municipality of origin in peripheral regions for higher education and job opportunities in large cities. Scholarly attention has been limited to understanding population decline in peripheral areas (Elzerman & Bontje, 2015;Haartsen & Venhorst, 2010;Ročak, Hospers, & Reverda, 2016;Van Dam, de Groot, & Verwest, 2006). International evidence also suggests that the majority of migrants move on to another municipality after completing their education (Findlay et al, 2008).…”