Searching for Factors Influencing the Severity of the Symptoms of Long COVID

Abstract

COVID-19 is a highly contagious respiratory disease. Infection with the virus can occur with differing symptom severity, from mild and moderate to severe cases, but the long-term consequences of infection have not been fully identified or studied. Long COVID is defined as occurring in individuals with a history of probable or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, and symptoms persisting for at least two months within three months of onset that cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to look for factors that influence the type and severity of Long COVID symptoms. In total, 932 individuals with a history of COVID-19 were qualified for the study using an original questionnaire based on the COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehab Screen (C19-YRS) questionnaire. Older adults were more likely to report problems with mobility (p < 0.001) and in performing daily activities (p = 0.014). Those with a higher BMI showed significantly more symptoms such as dyspnea at rest (p < 0.001) and on exertion (p < 0.001), feelings of chronic fatigue (p = 0.023), problems with mobility (p < 0.001), and in performing daily activities (p = 0.002). The data show that those with Long COVID should receive multidisciplinary help including additional medical and psychological support. Particular attention should be paid to elderly and obese persons, who should be included in rehabilitation programs after COVID-19 in the first place.

Retracted: The relationship between C‐reactive protein and levels of various cytokines in patients with COVID‐19: A systematic review and correlation analysis

“…3 Therefore, a reliable and appropriate test is needed to predict the severity of COVID-19 disease. 2 Recently, several studies have reported that C-reactive protein (CRP) is directly associated with the severity of infection, and patients with higher CRP in the early stages of the disease are at greater risk for severe disease. 5 CRP, first described by Tillet and Francis, is released from the liver in response to interleukin-6 (IL-6) and it is an inflammatory test that is available everywhere.…”

“…The prognosis for patients is not fully understood, and the type and severity of the consequences of COVID-19 may depend, inter alia, on the severity of the course of the infection, age, and comorbidities. 2 Extreme COVID-19 is characterized by interleukin waves, organ dysfunction disease, and destruction of many metabolic processes, including coagulation factors and blood clotting. 3 Therefore, a reliable and appropriate test is needed to predict the severity of COVID-19 disease.…”

“…1 Following the proliferation of the virus, the host's immune system is also activated to fight the virus and cure the patient, however some patients develop severe and disease such as MODS, The cause is still unknown. 2,3 Recent studies have showed that, in addition to common symptoms, untreated inflammation contributes to disease severity in COVID-19. 4 For those infected by SARS-CoV-2, some of the patients did not show dispnea or respiratory distress during the COVID-19, indicating a multifaceted disease of COVID-19 infection.…”

“…Extreme COVID‐19 is characterized by interleukin waves, organ dysfunction disease, and destruction of many metabolic processes, including coagulation factors and blood clotting 3 . Therefore, a reliable and appropriate test is needed to predict the severity of COVID‐19 disease 2 . Recently, several studies have reported that C‐reactive protein (CRP) is directly associated with the severity of infection, and patients with higher CRP in the early stages of the disease are at greater risk for severe disease 5 …”

All-People-Test-Based Methods for COVID-19 Infectious Disease Dynamics Simulation Model: Towards Citywide COVID Testing

“…The model can accurately reflect the spread and outbreak. The model is an infectious disease model with an incubation period [ 14 ]. It is designed to calculate the changes in the target population that needs to be screened.…”