Searching as learning: A systematization based on literature

Abstract

The paper surveys empirical studies on the relations between information searching and learning, and presents some reflections about learning in a search process based on the findings. First, the meaning of the concepts 'learning' and 'searching' is briefly defined. Learning is conceptualized as changes in one's knowledge structures. Then it is described more in detail how learning occurs in the search process. The point of departure is to focus on tasks that require the restructuring of knowledge structures and to analyse how gradual stabilization of those structures is related to accessing and interacting with information sources. After that, empirical studies on searching and learning are categorized by identifying independent and dependent variables in those studies. In conclusion, some general remarks on the topic are presented.

Effects of subject‐oriented visualization tools on search by novices and intermediates

“…The results show that intermediates knew how to leverage IV tools within the search tool to find answers in WikiMap + ; this confirms our hypotheses and the expected outcomes 1, 4, and 5. In learning theory, human knowledge is described in terms of knowledge structures, which consist of concepts and their relation to some phenomenon (Kintsch, ; Vakkari, ). We infer that intermediates and experts possess more stable conceptual (knowledge) structure compared with novices; thus, they prefer to use the HT to gain an overview of the topic and select relevant keywords.…”

Beyond Bloom's Taxonomy: Integrating “searching as learning” and e‐learning research perspectives

“…In the same special issue of the Journal of Information Science, Vakkari (2016) generously offers a highly useful exposition on ways in which learning has been conceptualized in the education sciences, and some of the intersections between learning research concepts, and what occurs during information-seeking and search by information systems users. Vakkari presents constructivist learning definitions that build upon Piaget's early notions of assimilation, accommodation, and knowledge-building.…”

Identification of factors associated with blind users' help‐seeking situations in interacting with digital libraries

“…Users' perceived knowledge level is also associated with users' search tactic selections (Xie & Joo, ). Researchers agree that domain knowledge is one of the top factors that impact users' information searching and help‐seeking behavior in IR systems (Salmerón, Kammerer, & García‐Carrión, ; Vakkari, ; Wildemuth, ; Wu, ). It can alter querying, document selection/viewing, and general task interactions (Zhang, Liu, Cole, & Belkin, ).…”

“…It can alter querying, document selection/viewing, and general task interactions (Zhang, Liu, Cole, & Belkin, 2015). Moreover, users' selection of search terms reflects existing knowledge structures and information needs (Vakkari, 2016). Topic familiarity is also associated with topic-related characteristics, interaction behaviors, topic completion ratings, and search system assessments (Albertson, 2010;Wildemuth, 2004).…”