Seafood Discards: A Potent Source of Enzymes and Biomacromolecules With Nutritional and Nutraceutical Significance

Abstract

In recent times, the seafood industry is found to produce large volumes of waste products comprising shrimp shells, fish bones, fins, skins, intestines, and carcasses, along with the voluminous quantity of wastewater effluents. These seafood industry effluents contain large quantities of lipids, amino acids, proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, minerals, and carotenoids mixed with the garbage. This debris not only causes a huge wastage of various nutrients but also roots in severe environmental contamination. Hence, the problem of such seafood industry run-offs needs to be immediately managed with a commercial outlook. Microbiological treatment may lead to the valorization of seafood wastes, the trove of several useful compounds into value-added materials like enzymes, such as lipase, protease, chitinase, hyaluronidase, phosphatase, etc., and organic compounds like bioactive peptides, collagen, gelatin, chitosan, and mineral-based nutraceuticals. Such bioconversion in combination with a bio-refinery strategy possesses the potential for environment-friendly and inexpensive management of discards generated from seafood, which can sustainably maintain the production of seafood. The compounds that are being produced may act as nutritional sources or as nutraceuticals, foods with medicinal value. Determining utilization of seafood discard not only reduces the obnoxious deposition of waste but adds economy in the production of food with nutritional and medicinal importance, and, thereby meets up the long-lasting global demand of making nutrients and nutraceuticals available at a nominal cost.

The Effects of Unconventional Feed Fermentation on Intestinal Oxidative Stress in Animals

“…Aquatic product processing by-products are the by-products produced during the processing of fish, shrimp, shellfish, and other aquatic products [ 52 ], including fish bones [ 53 ], fish skins, shrimp shells, etc. [ 54 ].…”

Therapeutic Potential of Marine Bioactive Peptides against Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Recent Evidence, Challenges, and Future Trends

“…Recently, increasing scientific evidence indicates that various hydrolyzed peptides isolated from marine organisms and fishery wastes (skin, intestines, head, and fins) have the potential to contribute to health-promoting effects and the prevention of many chronic diseases [ 62 ]. In the context of therapeutic potential, MBAPs offer significant health benefits with respect to complementing treatment regimens involving conventional antiretroviral (ARV) drug therapies for the treatment of chronic disease conditions [ 63 , 64 ].…”

Identification of ACE I-Inhibitory Peptides Released by the Hydrolysis of Tub Gurnard (Chelidonichthys lucerna) Skin Proteins and the Impact of Their In Silico Gastrointestinal Digestion

“…The use of proteases to hydrolyse this raw material under controlled conditions to obtain bioactive peptides would maximize the economic return while contributing to environmental sustainability [ 10 ]. These peptides could be included as ingredients in high-value-added functional foods, conferring upon them diverse functions such as antihypertensive, hypoglycaemic, nootropic, antioxidant and antiproliferative functions [ 11 ]. The processing parameters will have a significant impact on the bioactive properties of the released peptides (enzyme specifications, hydrolysis temperature and duration, raw material, etc.…”

“…), as reported by Sarmadi et al [ 12 ]. Moreover, discards could be a source of vitamins, minerals, polyunsaturated fatty acids and polysaccharides (mainly GAGs such as chondroitin sulphate, hyaluronic acid or dermatan sulphate), all with bioactive properties of interest for human health [ 11 , 13 ]. Considering their capacity to interact with several proteins, sulphated glycosaminoglycans have several biological activities, making them important drugs for use in clinical and pharmaceutical fields.…”