Sea wasp (Chironex fleckeri) antivenene: Neutralizing potency against the venom of three other jellyfish species

Baxter, E.H.; Marr, Allen G.

doi:10.1016/0041-0101(74)90062-2

Cited by 33 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…If breathing stops, mouth-to-nose artificial respiration should be given; if the heart stops, closed-chest cardiac massage should be carried out. A potent sea-wasp antivenom has recently become available from the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, Australia, and its administration has resulted in dramatic recovery from severe poisoning by C. fleckeri stings (Baxter and Marr, 1974).…”

Section: Jellyfish Stingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bites and stings in travellers

1975

Postgraduate Medical Journal

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Summary As a rule, bites and stings in travellers are merely a nuisance. But it is sensible to be informed about the more serious possibilities which can result. Systemic diseases can be transmitted, the skin lesions from insects can be troublesome and finally, some bites and stings can cause envenoming. Thus, the bather may be harmed by venomous fish stings, sea urchins, jellyfish and in Asian-Pacific waters by sea-snakes. Land hazards include bites or stings by scorpions, spiders, ticks, centipedes, bees, wasps, caterpillars and snakes. The main clinical features of such bites and stings, including treatment and prevention, are outlined.

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Section: Jellyfish Stingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bites and stings in travellers

1975

Postgraduate Medical Journal

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“…Keen and Crone (1969b) observed that both tentacle extract and "milked" venom were antigenic in rabbits whose antisera effectively reduced lethal and hemolytic effects and to a lesser extent the dermatonecrotic effects in rodents. Baxter and Marr (1974) showed in vitro that the ovine antivenom (raised against "milked" Clinical Toxinology DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6288-6_78-1 # Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2017 venom) neutralized the lethal, hemolytic, and dermatonecrotic effects of tentacle extract and of "milked" venom. Endean and Sizemore (1988) observed that this antivenom was less effective against crude nematocyst venom than against "milked venom" thus implying that venom prepared from nematocysts contained more or additional toxins compared with "milked" venom.…”

Section: Antivenommentioning

confidence: 99%

Australian Chirodropid Cubozoan Jellyfish Envenomation

Tibballs

2017

Toxinology

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The Australian box jellyfish, Chironex fleckeri, is a large dangerous jellyfish inhabiting the waters of northern Australia and nearby Southeast Asia. Despite intensive research over half a century, limited knowledge exists about its venom and toxins and of a related but much less potent chirodropid species Chiropsella bronzei. The jellyfish kills prey rapidly and may severely injure or kill humans with an array of potent toxins. The clinical treatment of human victims is supportive with limited assistance from an existing antivenom. The principal toxins are proteins of around 40-45 kDa which probably perforate cell membranes leading to immediate lysis and subsequent loss of function of vital organs and tissues including cardiac function. In addition, smaller proteins probably damage the function of excitable tissues by perturbations of function of voltage-gated ion channels. These mechanisms occur across the phylum Cnidaria whose members have homologous toxins. No specific treatment for the human victim exists, but effective treatments might be developed from observations that suggest that the poration and ion-channel effects of the toxins are susceptible to blockade with metallic compounds.

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“…C. fleckeri anti-venom, administered to mice exposed to C. quadrigatus toxin, proved to counteract the dermoneurotic, lethal and hemolytic effects [78] and prevented the myotoxic and neurotoxic effects in vitro [79], but not the cardiovascular effects of the venom [80]. Despite the latter endorsing experimental evidence, however, clinical evidence for the use of C. fleckeri anti-venom in C. quadrigatus envenomations is still lacking [31].…”

Section: 2 Cubozoans Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Jellyfish Stings and Their Management: A Review

Cegolon

Heymann

Lange³

et al. 2013

Marine Drugs

176

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Jellyfish (cnidarians) have a worldwide distribution. Despite most being harmless, some species may cause local and also systemic reactions. Treatment of jellyfish envenomation is directed at: alleviating the local effects of venom, preventing further nematocyst discharges and controlling systemic reactions, including shock. In severe cases, the most important step is stabilizing and maintaining vital functions. With some differences between species, there seems to be evidence and consensus on oral/topical analgesics, hot water and ice packs as effective painkillers and on 30 s application of domestic vinegar (4%–6% acetic acid) to prevent further discharge of unfired nematocysts remaining on the skin. Conversely, alcohol, methylated spirits and fresh water should be carefully avoided, since they could massively discharge nematocysts; pressure immobilization bandaging should also be avoided, as laboratory studies show that it stimulates additional venom discharge from nematocysts. Most treatment approaches are presently founded on relatively weak evidence; therefore, further research (especially randomized clinical trials) is strongly recommended. Dissemination of appropriate treatment modalities should be deployed to better inform and educate those at risk. Adequate signage should be placed at beaches to notify tourists of the jellyfish risk. Swimmers in risky areas should wear protective equipment.

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Sea wasp (Chironex fleckeri) antivenene: Neutralizing potency against the venom of three other jellyfish species

Cited by 33 publications

References 8 publications

Bites and stings in travellers

Bites and stings in travellers

Australian Chirodropid Cubozoan Jellyfish Envenomation

Jellyfish Stings and Their Management: A Review

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