Sea Urchins as a Model System for Studying Embryonic Development

Ettensohn, Charles A.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.99509-6

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…The sea urchin (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) embryo has long been used as a model organism for biological developmental studies [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Several factors make this system suitable for conducting a wide range of biological tests.…”

Section: The Sea Urchin Embryomentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological Impact of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) on the Reproduction and Development of Aquatic Organisms Using Sea Urchins as Biological Models

Martino

Chianese

Chiarelli

et al. 2022

IJMS

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The growing presence of lanthanides in the environment has drawn the attention of the scientific community on their safety and toxicity. The sources of lanthanides in the environment include diagnostic medicine, electronic devices, permanent magnets, etc. Their exponential use and the poor management of waste disposal raise serious concerns about the quality and safety of the ecosystems at a global level. This review focused on the impact of lanthanides in marine organisms on reproductive fitness, fertilization and embryonic development, using the sea urchin as a biological model system. Scientific evidence shows that exposure to lanthanides triggers a wide variety of toxic insults, including reproductive performance, fertilization, redox metabolism, embryogenesis, and regulation of embryonic gene expression. This was thoroughly demonstrated for gadolinium, the most widely used lanthanide in diagnostic medicine, whose uptake in sea urchin embryos occurs in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, correlates with decreased calcium absorption and primarily affects skeletal growth, with incorrect regulation of the skeletal gene regulatory network. The results collected on sea urchin embryos demonstrate a variable sensitivity of the early life stages of different species, highlighting the importance of testing the effects of pollution in different species. The accumulation of lanthanides and their emerging negative effects make risk assessment and consequent legislative intervention on their disposal mandatory.

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Section: The Sea Urchin Embryomentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological Impact of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) on the Reproduction and Development of Aquatic Organisms Using Sea Urchins as Biological Models

Martino

Chianese

Chiarelli

et al. 2022

IJMS

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“…Four females and four males were used for the study. The spawning was induced by the injection in the peristomal membrane of 0.3 ml of a 0.55 M KCl solution (Ettensohn, 2017). The eggs of each female were individually collected on an aqueous medium (called progeny one to four) and quantified in triplicate in a Sedgewick-Rafter chamber using a Leica DM 2 500 microscope.…”

Section: Collection Of Sea Urchinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The eggs of each progeny were separated into two seawater temperatures (12 °C and 17 °C) to obtain eight experimental groups of 100 000 eggs each, and they were placed in 100 ml of sea water filtered up to 1 µm and sterilized with UV light. Male gametes were dry harvested in a single container and kept on ice until used to preserve their viability (Ettensohn, 2017). To fertilize the eggs of each experimental group, sperm was used at a 1: 100,000 v/v dilution (around 300: 1 spermegg ratio) and, then, gently mixed, according to Fernández et al (2019).…”

Section: Collection Of Sea Urchinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Embryonic and larval development is conditioned by water temperature and maternal origin of eggs in the sea urchin Arbacia dufresnii (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)

Pía-Fernández¹,

Belén-Chaar²,

Epherra

et al. 2021

Rev. Biol. Trop.

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Introduction: Embryonic and larval development in sea urchins is highly dependent on maternal nutritional status and on the environmental conditions of the seawater. Objective: To compare the development of Arbacia dufresnii in two different water temperatures and in progeny with varying maternal origins. Methods: We induced A. dufresnii females and males from Nuevo Gulf to spawn, collected the eggs of each female individually (progeny), separated them into two seawater temperatures (12 and 17 °C), and fertilized them. We recorded the percentage of fertilized eggs and embryos per developmental stage according to time, temperature and progeny. We measured larval growth by total length (TL) and midline body length (M) according to time post fecundation (DPF), temperature, and progeny. Results: Temperature did not affect fertilization, but embryo development was faster and more synchronized in the high temperature treatment. The generalized linear models indicate that embryo development depends on a quadruple interaction between the embryonic stage, time (h), seawater temperature and progeny. Larval growth was faster, producing larger larvae at the highest temperature. Larval growth depends on a triple interaction between time (DPF), seawater temperature and progeny. Conclusions: We found a temperature and progeny impact during embryonic and larval development and, in both cases, these factors generate a synergistic effect on developmental timing and larval size. This probably provides a survival advantage as a more rapid speed of development implies a decrease in the time spent in the water column, where the sea urchins are vulnerable to biotic and abiotic stressors.

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“…The key role of sea urchin as a model organism for the understanding of growth and development processes in biology dates back to the late 1800s, after the invention of the microscope. Its peculiar features not only allowed history of embryology and cell biology to enrich with enlightening discoveries but still make it a leading model organism in developmental biology [10,11]. Sea urchins have been proven to exist since the Middle Ordovician, about 460 million years ago [21] and, in the course of evolution, the echinoid skeletal parts changed in morphology and physiology adapting to novel functions and to different marine habitats [13,43].…”

Section: Introduction and Motivationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pattern formation on a growing oblate spheroid. an application to adult sea urchin development

Lacitignola

Frittelli

Cusimano

et al. 2022

JCD

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<p style='text-indent:20px;'>In this study, the formation of the adult sea urchin shape is rationalized within the Turing's theory paradigm. The emergence of protrusions from the expanding underlying surface is described through a reaction-diffusion model with Gray-Scott kinetics on a growing oblate spheroid. The case of slow exponential isotropic growth is considered. The model is first studied in terms of the spatially homogenous equilibria and of the bifurcations involved. Turing diffusion-driven instability is shown to occur and the impact of the slow exponential growth on the resulting Turing regions adequately discussed. Numerical investigations validate the theoretical results showing that the combination between an inhibitor and an activator can result in a distribution of spot concentrations that underlies the development of ambulacral tentacles in the sea urchin's adult stage. Our findings pave the way for a model-driven experimentation that could improve the current biological understanding of the gene control networks involved in patterning.</p>

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Sea Urchins as a Model System for Studying Embryonic Development

Cited by 10 publications

References 79 publications

Toxicological Impact of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) on the Reproduction and Development of Aquatic Organisms Using Sea Urchins as Biological Models

Toxicological Impact of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) on the Reproduction and Development of Aquatic Organisms Using Sea Urchins as Biological Models

Embryonic and larval development is conditioned by water temperature and maternal origin of eggs in the sea urchin Arbacia dufresnii (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)

Pattern formation on a growing oblate spheroid. an application to adult sea urchin development

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