Sea trial on deterministic sea waves prediction using wave-profiling radar

Deterministic wave forecasting with the Zakharov equation

“…2016; Al-Ani et al. 2020). This means that such factors as wave–wave interaction, as well as the presence of bound modes, are necessarily missed.…”

“…(2013), would be ideal, radar measurements are further impacted by the rotation time of the radar antennae (typically several seconds (Al-Ani et al. 2020)). Moreover, the spacing of the measurement points cannot be determined a priori (Desmars et al.…”

“…Many existing applications (e.g. Connell et al 2015;Hilmer & Thornhill 2016;Al-Ani, Belmont & Christmas 2020) of deterministic forecasting, both research and commercial, make use of X-band radar backscatter (see Young, Rosenthal & Ziemer 1985;Lee et al 1995;and others), although approaches based on LIDAR have also been advanced (see e.g. Belmont et al 2007;Grilli, Guérin & Goldstein 2011).…”

“…Wave buoy measurements exhibit deviations from the actual sea state due to the buoy response (McAllister & van den Bremer 2019), while radar is limited by wave shadowing (Plant & Farquharson 2012) (the inability to observe in the radar shadow of a wave crest). While an accurate measurement of the sea-surface height at a single instant, like that furnished by the WASS (wave acquisition stereo system) of Fedele et al (2013), would be ideal, radar measurements are further impacted by the rotation time of the radar antennae (typically several seconds (Al-Ani et al 2020)). Moreover, the spacing of the measurement points cannot be determined a priori (Desmars et al 2020).…”

“…For practical forecasts, with a time horizon limited to several minutes, it is imperative that the forecast is produced quickly. For this reason, linear wave propagation, with its low computational demands, has been widely used (Hilmer & Thornhill 2016;Kusters et al 2016;Al-Ani et al 2020). This means that such factors as wave-wave interaction, as well as the presence of bound modes, are necessarily missed.…”