Sea Surface Height Variability in the Tropical Indian Ocean: Steric Contribution

Salim, M.; Nayak, R. K.; Swain, Debadatta; Dadhwal, V. K.

doi:10.1007/s12524-011-0188-x

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…On other hand, our results show the importance of the thermal expansion of the IO that supports the SLA in the RS and GA. The results are in accordance with those that were observed in the IO by Salim et al (2012) [60], who demonstrated strong coherence between the dominant modes of steric sea level and the SLA. Their study suggested that the steric sea level variability has strong control on the variability of SLA in the IO and thereafter to the GA and RS.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Large-Scale Mode Impacts on the Sea Level over the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden

et al. 2019

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Falling between seasonal cycle variability and the impact of local drivers, the sea level in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden has been given less consideration, especially with large-scale modes. With multiple decades of satellite altimetry observations combined with good spatial resolution, the time has come for diagnosis of the impact of large-scale modes on the sea level in those important semi-enclosed basins. While the annual cycle of sea level appeared as a dominant cycle using spectral analysis, the semi-annual one was also found, although much weaker. The first empirical orthogonal function mode explained, on average, about 65% of the total variance throughout the seasons, while their principal components clearly captured the strong La Niña event (1999–2001) in all seasons. The sea level showed a strong positive relation with positive phase El Niño Southern Oscillation in all seasons and a strong negative relation with East Atlantic/West Russia during winter and spring over the study period (1993–2017). We show that the unusually stronger easterly winds that are displaced north of the equator generate an upwelling area near the Sumatra coast and they drive both warm surface and deep-water masses toward the West Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea, rising sea level over the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. This process could explain the increase of sea level in the basin during the positive phase of El Niño Southern Oscillation events.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Large-Scale Mode Impacts on the Sea Level over the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden

et al. 2019

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“…This led to a negative anomaly in sea-level in the western equatorial Indian Ocean and southwestern Arabian sea [31][32][33][34], which in turn resulted in negative sea-level in the adjacent Red Sea basin. Previous studies reported that the sea-level variability in the north Indian ocean was driven by steric contributions [35][36][37]. Because it is an enclosed basin with no freshwater input through rivers and melting ice sheets, the SLA long-term increase in the Red Sea could be mainly caused by increased warming.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies reported that the sea-level variability in the north Indian ocean was driven by steric contributions [35][36][37]. Because it is an enclosed basin with no freshwater input through rivers and melting ice sheets, the SLA long-term increase in the Red Sea could be mainly caused by increased warming.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the Red Sea Sea-Level Rising at a Faster Rate than the Global Average? An Analysis Based on Satellite Altimetry Data

Abdulla

Al-Subhi

2021

Remote Sensing

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Satellite altimetry sea-level data was taken for nearly three decades (1993–2020) and is used to understand the variability and associated dynamics in the Red Sea sea-level. Seasonally, the sea-level is higher during December–January and lower during August, with a consistent pattern from south to north. The interannual fluctuations in sea-level have a close agreement with the variability in the global climate modes, i.e., El-Nino Southern Oscillation events, East Atlantic-West Russian oscillation, and the Indian Ocean Dipole. The impact of the El-Nino Southern Oscillation mode on sea-level is higher than other climate modes. The Red Sea sea-level was seen to rise at a rate of 3.88 mm/year from 1993–present, which was consistent with the global rate of 3.3 ± 0.5 mm/year. However, a noticeably faster rate of 6.40 mm/year was observed in the Red Sea sea-level from 2000-present.

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“…The anomalies of sea surface height from AVISO (dashed black curve) show the same variability as the thermosteric sea level anomalies from ORAS4 and Ishii for the period 1993-2015. This correspondence suggests that the sea surface height in the Indian Ocean is indeed dominated by the steric height (Salim et al, 2012), with further dominance by the thermosteric component.…”

Section: Observational-based Sea Level Variability In the North Indiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Multidecadal Weakening of Indian Summer Monsoon Circulation Induces an Increasing Northern Indian Ocean Sea Level

Swapna

Jyoti

Krishnan

et al. 2017

Geophysical Research Letters

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North Indian Ocean sea level has shown significant increase during last three to four decades. Analyses of long‐term climate data sets and ocean model sensitivity experiments identify a mechanism for multidecadal sea level variability relative to global mean. Our results indicate that North Indian Ocean sea level rise is accompanied by a weakening summer monsoon circulation. Given that Indian Ocean meridional heat transport is primarily regulated by the annual cycle of monsoon winds, weakening of summer monsoon circulation has resulted in reduced upwelling off Arabia and Somalia and decreased southward heat transport, and corresponding increase of heat storage in the North Indian Ocean. These changes in turn lead to increased retention of heat and increased thermosteric sea level rise in the North Indian Ocean, especially in the Arabian Sea. These findings imply that rising North Indian Ocean sea level due to weakening of monsoon circulation demands adaptive strategies to enable a resilient South Asian population.

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Sea Surface Height Variability in the Tropical Indian Ocean: Steric Contribution

Cited by 10 publications

References 24 publications

Large-Scale Mode Impacts on the Sea Level over the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden

Large-Scale Mode Impacts on the Sea Level over the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden

Is the Red Sea Sea-Level Rising at a Faster Rate than the Global Average? An Analysis Based on Satellite Altimetry Data

Multidecadal Weakening of Indian Summer Monsoon Circulation Induces an Increasing Northern Indian Ocean Sea Level

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