Sea‐salt aerosol in coastal Antarctic regions

Wagenbach, Dietmar; Ducroz, François; Mulvaney, Robert; Keck, Lothar; Minikin, Andreas; Legrand, Michel; Hall, Julie; Wolff, Eric W.

doi:10.1029/97jd01804

Cited by 299 publications

(359 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…4) indicates the occurrence of sea salt fractionation (i.e. a depletion of sulfate relative to sodium; Wagenbach et al, 1998). The Mill Island sulfate record is highly fractionated (Supplement 1), which indicates that frost flowers are likely to be an important sea salt source at Mill Island.…”

Section: Sea Salt Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many ice core studies suggest that sea salt is a proxy for wind and storminess (e.g. Wagenbach, 1996;Legrand and Mayewski, 1997;Curran et al, 1998), because salt is transported by air mass movement. Thus, wind direction and speed are investigated in this section to determine the Mill Island sea salt transport mechanism.…”

Section: Influence Of Environmental Signals On the Sea Salt Recordmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wagenbach, 1996;Legrand and Mayewski, 1997;Curran et al, 1998;Wa- (Rankin et al, 2002) and (Kaleschke et al, 2004) reported the importance of frost flowers (sea salt crystals which form on new sea ice) as a sea salt source. Frost flowers have a sea salt concentration 3 times higher than sea water (Perovich and Richter-Menge, 1994;Wolff et al, 2003;Kaleschke et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A glaciochemical study of the 120 m ice core from Mill Island, East Antarctica

et al. 2017

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Abstract.A 120 m ice core was drilled on Mill Island, East Antarctica (65 • 30 S, 100 • 40 E) during the 2009/2010 Australian Antarctic field season. Contiguous discrete 5 cm samples were measured for hydrogen peroxide, water stable isotopes, and trace ion chemistry. The ice core was annually dated using a combination of chemical species and water stable isotopes. The Mill Island ice core preserves a climate record covering 97 years from 1913 to 2009 CE, with a mean snow accumulation of 1.35 m (ice-equivalent) per year (mIE yr −1 ). This northernmost East Antarctic coastal ice core site displays trace ion concentrations that are generally higher than other Antarctic ice core sites (e.g. mean sodium levels were 254 µEq L −1 ). The trace ion record at Mill Island is characterised by a unique and complex chemistry record with three distinct regimes identified. The trace ion record in regime A displays clear seasonality from 2000 to 2009 CE; regime B displays elevated concentrations with no seasonality from 1934 to 2000 CE; and regime C displays relatively low concentrations with seasonality from 1913 to 1934 CE. Sea salts were compared with instrumental data, including atmospheric models and satellite-derived sea-ice concentration, to investigate influences on the Mill Island ice core record. The mean annual sea salt record does not correlate with wind speed. Instead, sea-ice concentration to the east of Mill Island likely influences the annual mean sea salt record. A mechanism involving formation of frost flowers on sea ice is proposed to explain the extremely high sea salt concentration. The Mill Island ice core records are unexpectedly complex, with strong modulation of the trace chemistry on long timescales.

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Section: Sea Salt Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Influence Of Environmental Signals On the Sea Salt Recordmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A glaciochemical study of the 120 m ice core from Mill Island, East Antarctica

et al. 2017

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“…Moreover this is the only part of the core where negative nss SO 4 2À values are observed. Such negative values may be explained by two very different reasons: (1) marine aerosol deposited were sulfate depleted with respect to sea water composition; this is observed in Antarctica during winter when mirabilite precipitates at temperature lower than À8°C [see for instance Wagenbach et al, 1998] but cannot be expected at warmer San Valentin latitude and (2) Na + concentrations taken as reference values have a significant continental component leading to overestimate the sea salt sulfate contribution which may become greater than the total sulfate concentration. The large nss Ca 2+ peak at this depth and the following discussion led us to propose the second explanation for these slightly negative nss SO 4 2À values.…”

Section: A Possible Additional Time Marker: the 1991 Volcán Hudson Ermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is therefore commonly used as a marker of eolian dust deposits in IC investigations, once the contribution related to marine primary aerosol input has been removed. Except in very cold marine environment where mirabilite precipitation leads to a bias in sodium content of marine primary aerosol [Wagenbach et al, 1998], the continental Ca 2+ component, denoted nss Ca 2+ (i.e., nonsea salt calcium), is calculated using sodium concentration as the marine primary aerosol reference and the bulk sea water calcium to sodium ratio, according to nss Ca 2+ = Ca 2+ À Na + Â (Ca/Na) sea water .…”

Section: Calcium Seasonal Cycles Countingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A promising location in Patagonia for paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental reconstructions revealed by a shallow firn core from Monte San Valentín (Northern Patagonia Icefield, Chile)

et al. 2008

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International audienceThe study of past climate variability from ice core investigations has been largely developed both in polar areas over the past decades and, more recently, in tropical regions, specifically along the South American Andes between 0° and 20°S. However a large gap still remains at mid-latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere. In this framework, a 15.3-m long shallow firn core has been extracted in March 2005 from the summit plateau of Monte San Valentín (3747 m, 46°35′S, 73°19′W) in the Northern Patagonia Icefield to test its potential for paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental reconstructions. The firn temperature is −11.9°C at 10-m depth allowing to expect well preserved both chemical and isotopic signals, unperturbed by water percolation. The dating of the core, on the basis of a multi-proxy approach combining annual layer counting and radionuclide measurements, shows that past environment and climate can be reconstructed back to the mid-1960s. A mean annual snow accumulation rate of 36 ± 3 cm year−1 (i.e., 19 ± 2 g cm−2 year−1) is inferred, with a snow density varying between 0.35 and 0.6 g cm−3, which is much lower than accumulation rates previously reported in Patagonia at lower elevations. Here, we present and discuss high-resolution profiles of the isotopic composition of the snow and selected chemical markers. These data provide original information on environmental conditions prevailing over Southern Patagonia in terms of air masses trajectories and origins and biogeochemical reservoirs. Our main conclusion is that the San Valentín site is not only influenced by air masses originating from the southern Pacific and directly transported by the prevailing west winds but also by inputs from South American continental sources from the E–NE, sometimes mixed with circumpolar aged air masses, the relative influence of these two very distinct source areas changing at the interannual timescale. Thus this site should offer a wealth of information regarding (South) Pacific, Argentinian NE–E areas and Antarctic climate variability

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Evidence of sea ice source in aerosol sulfate loading and size distribution in the Canadian High Arctic from isotopic analysis

2014

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The influence of frost flowers and seawater brine on ion chemistry in snow, snowpack, ice cores, and aerosols is detected when a lower sulfate to sodium ratio than in seawater is present in polar regions. This evidence can be masked when large amounts of non-sea-salt sulfate are present from other sources such as biogenic and anthropogenic sulfate. Frost flower δ 34 S values were measured for the first time in frost flower sulfates and did not differ significantly from the sea salt δ 34 S values of +21‰. A method using stable isotopes is introduced to determine the limit of contributions from sea salt and sea ice sources (including frost flowers and brine) on sulfate concentrations in aerosol samples from Alert, Canada. Knowledge of the range of values of δ 34 S nss and the SO 4 /Na ratio found in sea ice sources (i.e., frost flowers) is used to quantitatively constrain the contributions from frost flowers and sea salt in the Arctic aerosol mass during the onset of winter in 2007 and 2008, allowing for quantification of non-sea-salt sulfate amounts during times when frost flowers are present. Frost flower and/or brine influence was found predominantly in the coarse-mode aerosols (>0.95 μm). This method to determine the contributions from sea salt and sea ice sources can be carried over to future studies with snow and ice cores.

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Sea‐salt aerosol in coastal Antarctic regions

Cited by 299 publications

References 41 publications

A glaciochemical study of the 120 m ice core from Mill Island, East Antarctica

A glaciochemical study of the 120 m ice core from Mill Island, East Antarctica

A promising location in Patagonia for paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental reconstructions revealed by a shallow firn core from Monte San Valentín (Northern Patagonia Icefield, Chile)

Evidence of sea ice source in aerosol sulfate loading and size distribution in the Canadian High Arctic from isotopic analysis

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Sea‐salt aerosol in coastal Antarctic regions

Cited by 299 publications

References 41 publications

A glaciochemical study of the 120 m ice core from Mill Island, East Antarctica

A glaciochemical study of the 120 m ice core from Mill Island, East Antarctica

A promising location in Patagonia for paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental reconstructions revealed by a shallow firn core from Monte San Valentín (Northern Patagonia Icefield, Chile)

Evidence of sea ice source in aerosol sulfate loading and size distribution in the Canadian High Arctic from isotopic analysis

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A glaciochemical study of the 120 m ice core from Mill Island, East Antarctica

A glaciochemical study of the 120 m ice core from Mill Island, East Antarctica