Sea-nine antifoulant: an environmentally acceptable alternative to organotin antifoulants

Jacobson, Andrew; Willingham, Gary L.

doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(00)00511-8

Cited by 180 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…4. TBT is known to bioaccumulate and is chronically and acutely toxic [7]. The EC50 values obtained in this work indicate its extreme acute toxicity (EC 50 value of 7 mg/L (V. fischeri) and 1 ng/L (D. magna) in Table 1).…”

Section: Toxicity Of Mtbe In Combination With Pesticidesmentioning

confidence: 56%

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Combined toxicity effects of MTBE and pesticides measured with Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna bioassays

et al. 2003

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Methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a fuel oxygenate that is added to gasoline, commonly contaminates aquatic systems, many of which are already contaminated with pesticides. The toxic effects (EC 50 value) of several pure pesticides (Diuron, Linuron, Dichlofluanid, Sea nine, Irgarol and tributyltin (TBT)) were measured and compared with the EC 50 value of the pesticide mixed with MTBE, using the Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna acute toxicity assays. The interaction between chemicals was evaluated in terms of the effects of mixing on the EC 50 value (i.e. the concentration (mg/L) of a compound or mixture that is required to produce a 50% change in a toxic response parameter) and the time required to generate the toxic response. Presence of MTBE enhanced the EC 50 value of several pesticides (Diuron, Dichlofluanid, TBT and Linuron) and/or the toxic response manifested more rapidly than with pure pesticides. Toxicity enhancements were quite substantial in many cases. For example, the presence of MTBE increased the toxicity of Diuron by more than 50% when tested with the V. fischeri assay (5, 15 and 30 min exposure). Also, the toxic response manifested itself within 5 min whereas without the MTBE the same response arose in 30 min. Presence of MTBE increased the toxicity of Dichlofluanid by 30% when measured with the D. magna assay. Toxicities of only two pesticides (Sea nine and Irgarol) were not raised by the presence of MTBE. r

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Section: Toxicity Of Mtbe In Combination With Pesticidesmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…Dichlofluanid is widely used as a protective fungicide in agriculture. Sea nine is broadly toxic to marine bacteria, algae and barnacles [7]. TBT, an active ingredient of antifoulant paints used on ships, is extremely toxic to aquatic organisms [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined toxicity effects of MTBE and pesticides measured with Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna bioassays

et al. 2003

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“…3,4 SeaNine 211, which contains 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT) as the bioactive ingredient, has been proposed to be an environmentally acceptable alternative with regard to its fast degradation in the marine environment. 5 However, the large-scale application of SeaNine 211 as an antifouling agent eventually leads to coastal pollution worldwide. 4 For example, in Spain marinas, accumulated levels of DCOIT were detected greater than 3.3 μg/L, 6 which is much higher than the 0.1 ng/L, concentration previously shown to greatly delay embryogenesis in the sea urchin Anthocidaris crassispina.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Exposure of Marine Medaka (Oryzias melastigma) to 4,5-Dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT) Reveals Its Mechanism of Action in Endocrine Disruption via the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal-Liver (HPGL) Axis

Chen

Zhang

Rui³

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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In this study, marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) were chronically exposed for 28 days to environmentally realistic concentrations of 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT) (0, 0.76, 2.45, and 9.86 μg/L), the active ingredient in commercial antifouling agent SeaNine 211. Alterations of the hypothalamus-pituitary–gonadal-liver (HPGL) axis were investigated across diverse levels of biological organization to reveal the underlying mechanisms of its endocrine disruptive effects. Gene transcription analysis showed that DCOIT had positive regulatory effects mainly in male HPGL axis with lesser extent in females. The stimulated steroidogenic activities resulted in increased concentrations of steroid hormones, including estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), and 11-KT-testosterone (11-KT), in the plasma of both sexes, leading to an imbalance in hormone homeostasis and increased E2/T ratio. The relatively estrogenic intracellular environment in both sexes induced the hepatic synthesis and increased the liver and plasma content of vitellogenin (VTG) or choriogenin. Furthermore, parental exposure to DCOIT transgenerationally impaired the viability of offspring, as supported by a decrease in hatching and swimming activity. Overall, the present results elucidated the estrogenic mechanisms along HPGL axis for the endocrine disruptive effects of DCOIT. The reproductive impairments of DCOIT at environmentally realistic concentrations highlights the need for more comprehensive investigations of its potential ecological risks.

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“…Esse biocida, é um isotiazol que foi inicialmente sintetizado pela empresa Rohm and Haas, em 1992, tendo sido homologado para utilização como agente anti-incrustante pela IMO e recebido registro de utilização pela Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos (USEPA) em 1994. 51 Com respeito às características físico-químicas, o DCOIT possui baixa solubilidade em água (0,0065 mg/L ), um K ow de 2,85 e uma rápida taxa de degradação na água do mar (meia vida de aproximadamente 1 h). 52 Adicionalmente, forma complexos extremamente estáveis com os sedimentos, tornandose pouco biodisponível e, consequentemente, apresenta um baixo fator de bioacumulação para organismos aquáticos.…”

Section: Dcoit (Sea-nine 211)unclassified

“…Em água do mar e nos sedimentos, a degradação acontece, sobretudo, pela ação de micro-organismos, sendo pouco significativa a contribuição dos processos de hidrólise e de fotólise para essa transformação. 51 Desta forma, o Sea-Nine vem sendo considerado o agente anti-incrustante que apresenta menores danos ambientais. 51,52 Os poucos estudos existentes apontam para níveis ambientais baixos.…”

Section: Dcoit (Sea-nine 211)unclassified

Tintas anti-incrustantes de terceira geração: novos biocidas no ambiente aquático

2011

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Recebido em 7/6/10; aceito em 11/1/11; publicado na web em 1/4/11 THIRD GENERATION ANTIFOULING PAINTS: NEW BIOCIDES IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT. Antifouling agents have been used on vessels and boats since ancient civilizations. Thus, a brief history on the three generations of antifouling paints was provided in the present review. Additionally, information about physic-chemical properties, environmental levels, toxicology and analytical methods was discussed for the 16 "new" booster biocides used as third-generation antifouling paints. The main problems, limitations and future trends related to this subject were also presented. Finally, actions were suggested in order to appraise the current status of the environmental impact caused by these compounds in South America.Keywords: antifouling; paint; booster biocides. INTRODUÇÃODentre os diversos grupos de contaminantes orgânicos potencialmente danosos a ecossistemas aquáticos, despontaram nos últimos anos os biocidas utilizados como princípio ativo de tintas antiincrustantes. Essas tintas são aplicadas como sistemas de proteção, com a finalidade de combater a formação e o estabelecimento de comunidades bioincrustantes (fouling) sobre superfícies expostas à água. Usualmente, tintas anti-incrustantes são aplicadas em embarcações comerciais e de passeio, plataformas petrolíferas, tubulações submarinas, comportas de represas, tanques destinados à aquicultura, dentre outras estruturas. 1Dentre as aplicações mencionadas para as referidas tintas, a utilização como revestimento protetor em embarcações tem sido apontada por muitos autores como a mais impactante para o ambiente, devido ao seu caráter altamente difundido em zonas costeiras.2 Segundo Kotrikla, 3 o emprego de sistemas anti-incrustantes em embarcações é justificado pelos seguintes motivos: o aumento da fricção entre o casco e a água, demanda uma maior potência dos motores e, consequentemente, gera um aumento no consumo de combustível; aumento da frequência de docagens, gerando um incremento de custos e de resíduos gerados; aumento das taxas de corrosão e, introdução não intencional de espécies exóticas em ambientes aquáticos.O primeiro registro de uso de sistemas anti-incrustantes data de 2 mil anos atrás, quando os cascos de madeira eram revestidos com chumbo e "untados" com misturas de óleo de baleia, enxofre e arsênio. Em 1625, uma receita letal combinando arsênio, cobre e goma em pó foi patenteada como agente anti-incrustante por Wilian Beale, na Inglaterra. A utilização de sistemas anti-incrustantes incorporados às tintas passou a ser comum, e cada vez mais frequente, na medida em que os cascos de madeira das embarcações foram substituídos por cascos metálicos, fato ocorrido em meados do século XVIII. A partir de então, a navegação comercial e o uso de embarcações de lazer se tornaram cada vez mais populares, aportando aos ambientes aquáticos quantidades cada vez maiores de biocidas utilizados em tintas anti-incrustantes. 1Em meados do século XX, os óxidos de cobre e de zinco foram os primeiros biocidas ut...

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Sea-nine antifoulant: an environmentally acceptable alternative to organotin antifoulants

Cited by 180 publications

References 10 publications

Combined toxicity effects of MTBE and pesticides measured with Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna bioassays

Combined toxicity effects of MTBE and pesticides measured with Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna bioassays

Chronic Exposure of Marine Medaka (Oryzias melastigma) to 4,5-Dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT) Reveals Its Mechanism of Action in Endocrine Disruption via the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal-Liver (HPGL) Axis

Tintas anti-incrustantes de terceira geração: novos biocidas no ambiente aquático

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