Sea-level fluctuations during the last glacial cycle

Siddall, Mark E.; Rohling, Eelco J.; Almogi‐Labin, Ahuva; Hemleben, C.; Meischner, Dieter; Schmelzer, I.; Smeed, David A.

doi:10.1038/nature01690

Cited by 1,426 publications

(1,355 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…As the Rayleigh Fractionation effect (which describes the preferential rainout of heavier isotopes, causing a change in δ 18 O of successive rainout effects independent of temperature effects) is minimal when considering differences between two continental locations (Rozanski et al, 1993), this modern difference is largely attributable to the difference in mean annual temperature between the regions of c.3 o C. Given that sea levels were approximately 80m lower than present at the time the archaeological sites were occupied (Siddall et al, 2003), this increased continentality is likely to have further reduced the impact of Rayleigh fractionation between these two areas. This therefore implies that the human groups which visited Kraków Spadzista c.24ka 14 C yr BP experienced a colder climate than that tolerated by occupants of the Russian Plain, despite the fact that the Russian sites were located further north than Kraków Spadzista, and the differences in relative temperature between the sites today.…”

Section: δ 18 O Data -Comparison With European-wide Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating climate at the Upper Palaeolithic site of Kraków Spadzista Street (B), Poland, using oxygen isotopes

Pryor¹,

O’Connell²,

Wojtal³

et al. 2013

Quaternary International

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Between 50,000 and 20,000 years ago, Europe experienced a series of rapid climate change events known as the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles, which may have made areas of northern Europe more attractive for occupation by early modern humans at certain times than at others. This paper investigates when humans were occupying northern Europe in relation to these climatic changes at the archaeological site of Kraków Spadzista Street (B), by applying oxygen isotope analysis of mammoth tooth enamel carbonates (δ18O and δ13C) found at the site. The new isotopic data suggest that mean annual temperatures at Kraków Spadzista were 4-9oC colder than present and, based on comparisons with previously published isotopic data for mammoth in Europe, we argue that the Kraków assemblage most likely formed during a cold Dansgaard-Oeschger event. This suggests modern humans were able to occupy and survive in this area of northern Europe during the harsh cold phases that affected Europe at this time. ABSTRACTBetween 50,000 and 20,000 years ago, Europe experienced a series of rapid climate change events known as the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles, which may have made areas of northern Europe more attractive for occupation by early modern humans at certain times than at others. This paper investigates when humans were occupying northern Europe in relation to these climatic changes at the archaeological site of Kraków Spadzista Street (B), by applying oxygen isotope analysis of mammoth tooth enamel carbonates (δ 18 O and δ 13 C) found at the site. The new isotopic data suggest that mean annual temperatures at Kraków Spadzista were 4-9 o C colder than present and, based on comparisons with previously published isotopic data for mammoth in Europe, we argue that the Kraków assemblage most likely formed during a cold DansgaardOeschger event. This suggests modern humans were able to occupy and survive in this area of northern Europe during the harsh cold phases that affected Europe at this time.

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Section: δ 18 O Data -Comparison With European-wide Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating climate at the Upper Palaeolithic site of Kraków Spadzista Street (B), Poland, using oxygen isotopes

Pryor¹,

O’Connell²,

Wojtal³

et al. 2013

Quaternary International

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“…The distribution of genetic clusters detected by STRUCTURE analysis indicates that Fukue, which is located midway between Jeju and Kyushu, may have been a region of land bridges that were used like stepping stones. These evidences may mean that the exposed seafloors during the last glacial have acted as both effective and ineffective migration corridors between islands (Siddall et al., 2003). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the dispersal barriers formed by seaways among neighboring islands disappeared during the LGM (ca. 21 kya) due to the shallow depth of the sea (<120 m, Clark et al., 2009; Park, Kimura, & Taira, 1996; Siddall et al., 2003), and this could have opened up effective dispersal corridors for the species. As R. weyrichii is widespread across a number of islands and shows a moderate level of genetic differentiation among populations (Yoichi & Tomaru, 2014), and it provides a suitable study system for analyzing demographic history in the islands.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population demographic history of a temperate shrub, Rhododendron weyrichii (Ericaceae), on continental islands of Japan and South Korea

Yoichi

Tamaki

Sakaguchi

et al. 2016

Ecology and Evolution

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Continental islands provide opportunities for testing the effects of isolation and migration on genetic variation in plant populations. In characteristic of continental islands is that the geographic connections between these islands, which are currently distinguished by seaways, have experienced fluctuations caused by sea‐level changes due to climate oscillations during the Quaternary. Plant populations on the islands have migrated between these islands via the exposed seafloors or been isolated. Here, we examined the demographic history of a temperate shrub, Rhododendron weyrichii, which is distributed in the southwestern parts of the Japanese archipelago and on an island of South Korea, using statistical phylogeographic approaches based on the DNA sequences of two chloroplast and eight nuclear loci in samples analyzed from 18 populations on eight continental islands, and palaeodistribution modeling. Time estimates for four island populations indicate that the durations of vicariance history are different between these populations, and these events have continued since the last glacial or may have predated the last glacial. The constancy or expansion of population sizes on the Japanese islands, and in contrast a bottleneck in population size on the Korean island Jeju, suggests that these islands may have provided different conditions for sustaining populations. The result of palaeodistribution modeling indicates that the longitudinal range of the species as a whole has not changed greatly since the last glacial maximum. These results indicate that exposed seafloors during the glacial period formed both effective and ineffective migration corridors. These findings may shed light on the effects of seafloor exposure on the migration of plants distributed across continental islands.

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“…For much of our period, sea level was lower than today, interspersed with short-lived higher stands, and we use general sea-level curves in relation to bathymetry as a general guide (Siddall et al, 2003). The additional amounts of land revealed at Ð50m and Ð100m, though locally significant, are small in relation to the total region under discussion (Figure 1).…”

Section: Sea Level Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hominin reactions to herbivore distribution in the Lower Palaeolithic of the Southern Levant

Dévès

Sturdy²,

Godet³

et al. 2014

Quaternary Science Reviews

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We explore the relationship between the edaphic potential of soils and the mineral properties of the underlying geology as a means of mapping the differential productivity of different areas of the Pleistocene landscape for large herbivores. These factors strongly control the health of grazing animals irrespective of the particular types of vegetation growing on them, but they have generally been neglected in palaeoanthropological studies in favour of a more general emphasis on water and vegetation, which provide an incomplete picture. Taking the Carmel-Galilee-Golan region as an example, we show how an understanding of edaphic potential provides insight into how animals might have exploited the environment. In order to simplify the analysis, we concentrate on the Lower Palaeolithic period and the very large animals that dominate the archaeofaunal assemblages of this period. Topography and the ability of soils to retain water also contribute to the differential productivity and accessibility of different regions and to patterns of seasonal movements of the animals, which are essential to ensure a supply of healthy fodder throughout the year, especially for large animals such as elephants, which require substantial regions of good grazing and browsing. Other animals migrating in groups have similar needs. The complex topography of the Southern Levant with frequent sudden and severe changes in gradient, and a wide variety of landforms including rocky outcrops, cliffs, gorges, and ridges, places major limits on these patterns of seasonal movements. We develop methods of mapping these variables, based on the geology and our substantial field experience, in order to create a framework of landscape variation that can be compared with the locations and contents of archaeological sites to suggest ways in which early hominins used the variable features of the landscape to target animal prey, and extend the analysis to the consideration of smaller mammals that were exploited more intensively after the disappearance of the elephants. We consider some of the ways in which this regional-scale approach can be further tested and refined, and advocate the development of such studies as an essential contribution to understanding the wider pattern of hominin dispersal.

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Sea-level fluctuations during the last glacial cycle

Cited by 1,426 publications

References 26 publications

Investigating climate at the Upper Palaeolithic site of Kraków Spadzista Street (B), Poland, using oxygen isotopes

Investigating climate at the Upper Palaeolithic site of Kraków Spadzista Street (B), Poland, using oxygen isotopes

Population demographic history of a temperate shrub, Rhododendron weyrichii (Ericaceae), on continental islands of Japan and South Korea

Hominin reactions to herbivore distribution in the Lower Palaeolithic of the Southern Levant

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