Sea breeze: Structure, forecasting, and impacts

Abstract

[1] The sea breeze system (SBS) occurs at coastal locations throughout the world and consists of many spatially and temporally nested phenomena. Cool marine air propagates inland when a cross-shore mesoscale (2-2000 km) pressure gradient is created by daytime differential heating. The circulation is also characterized by rising currents at the sea breeze front and diffuse sinking currents well out to sea and is usually closed by seaward flow aloft. Coastal impacts include relief from oppressive hot weather, development of thunderstorms, and changes in air quality. This paper provides a review of SBS research extending back 2500 years but focuses primarily on recent discoveries. We address SBS forcing mechanisms, structure and related phenomena, life cycle, forecasting, and impacts on air quality.

Sea and Lake Breezes: A Review of Numerical Studies

“…Although the overall structure, lifecycle, and forecasting of sea breezes have been reviewed extensively (e.g., Atkinson 1981;Pielke and Segal 1986;Abbs and Physick 1992;Simpson 1994;Segal et al 1997;Miller et al 2003), there has not been a review dedicated to the results from over 50 years of numerical modelling of sea breezes. The main focus of our survey concerns the modelled dependence of sea breezes on ten geophysical variables: the land surface sensible heat flux (H, which establishes the land-sea temperature difference), ambient geostrophic wind (V g ), atmospheric stability (N), atmospheric moisture (q), water body dimensions (d), terrain height (h t ), terrain slope (s), Coriolis parameter (f), surface aerodynamic roughness length (z o ), and shoreline curvature (r) (Fig.…”

“…The depth of the sea-breeze gravity current as it passes over a heated land surface (Fig. 2) deepens nonlinearly with increasing distance inland due to boundary-layer convection Miller et al 2003). The maximum upward vertical velocities observed in the region of the sea-breeze front are represented in w. The magnitude of l, h, u and w and other characteristics of sea breezes are time-varying quantities that typically increase (decrease) during the strengthening (weakening) phase of the As should be expected, there has been no previous summary of the dependence of seabreeze speed and depth scales on the ten geophysical variables.…”

“…The following topics are not extensively discussed: pollutant dispersion models (Clappier et al 2000;Melas et al 2006), land-surface models (Cheng and Byun 2008), linear and analytical models (Rotunno 1983;Niino 1987;Dalu and Pielke 1989;Qian et al 2009;Drobinski and Dubos 2009), laboratory experiments (Simpson 1997;Cenedese et al 2000;Hara et al 2009), land breezes (Buckley and Kurzeja 1997), and convective internal boundary-layer growth Kuwagata et al 1994;Levitin and Kambezidis 1997;Liu et al 2001;Miller et al 2003).…”

“…The kinematic frontogenesis equation formulated by Miller (1948), and summarized by Miller et al (2003) in a two-dimensional x, z coordinate system is…”

Breeze Circulation in the Crimean Region Atmosphere

“…об-зорные работы [1,2]). Например, число работ по исследованию бризов (по оценке из статьи [2]), опубликованных только в 1990 -2003 гг., составляет более 500.…”