Sea-Breeze Circulation over Jakarta, Indonesia: A Climatology Based on Boundary Layer Radar Observations

Hadi, Tri Wahyu; Horinouchi, Takeshi; Tsuda, Toshitaka; Hashiguchi, Hiroyuki; Fukao, S.

doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2153:sbcoji>2.0.co;2

Cited by 74 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…These diurnal variations have been confirmed everywhere along the coastal zones of larger islands (Sumatera, Kalimantan, Jawa, Sulawesi, and Papua) of the IMC, based on wind profilers (including raindrop measurements) (e.g., Renggono et al 2001;Hadi et al 2002;Murata et al 2002;Araki et al 2006;Marzuki et al 2009;Tabata et al 2011b), precipitation radars (e.g., Kawashima et al 2006Kawashima et al , 2011Wu et al 2007Wu et al , 2013Sakurai et al 2009Sakurai et al , 2011Mori et al 2011;Kamimera et al 2012), a space-borne precipitation radar (e.g., Sorooshian et al 2002;Mori et al 2004;Kikuchi and Wang 2008;Peatman et al 2014), GPS radio occultation (precipitable water or moisture) sounding (e.g., Wu et al 2003, and satellite observations of outgoing longwave (infrared) radiation (OLR) (cloud-top temperature or height) (e.g., Hendon and Woodberry 1993;Nitta and Sekine 1994;Ohsawa et al 2001;Yang and Slingo 2001;Sakurai et al 2005;Hamada et al 2008). As categorized by Kikuchi and Wang Sui et al 1997).…”

Section: Diurnal Cycle Observed Around the Imc Coastlinesmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…Thus, over the IMC, the latent heat and the sprinkler-like effect should have comparable magnitudes with the other (sensible or radiative) heating or cooling mechanisms such as insolation, infrared radiation, and the greenhouse effect. Hadi et al (2002) and Araki et al (2006) presented climatological analyses of diurnal cycles near Jakarta in northwestern Jawa and discussed differences between dry and rainy seasons and between wind and rainfall.…”

Section: Diurnal Cycle Observed Around the Imc Coastlinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maritime continent coastlines controlling Earth’s climate

Yamanaka

Ogino

et al. 2018

Prog Earth Planet Sci

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During the Monsoon Asian Hydro−Atmosphere Scientific Research and Prediction Initiative (MAHASRI; 2006-16), we carried out two projects over the Indonesian maritime continent (IMC), constructing the Hydrometeorological Array for Intraseasonal Variation−Monsoon Automonitoring (HARIMAU; 2005-10) radar network and setting up a prototype institute for climate studies, the Maritime Continent Center of Excellence (MCCOE; 2009-14). Here, we review the climatological features of the world's largest "regional" rainfall over the IMC studied in these projects. The fundamental mode of atmospheric variability over the IMC is the diurnal cycle generated along coastlines by land−sea temperature contrast: afternoon land becomes hotter than sea by clear-sky insolation before noon, with the opposite contrast before sunrise caused by evening rainfall-induced "sprinkler"-like land cooling (different from the extratropical infrared cooling on clear nights). Thus, unlike the extratropics, the diurnal cycle over the IMC is more important in the rainy season. The intraseasonal, seasonal to annual, and interannual climate variabilities appear as amplitude modulations of the diurnal cycle. For example, in Jawa and Bali the rainy season is the southern hemispheric summer, because land heating in the clear morning and water vapor transport by afternoon sea breeze is strongest in the season of maximum insolation. During El Niño, cooler sea water surrounding the IMC makes morning maritime convection and rainfall weaker than normal. Because the diurnal cycle is almost the only mechanism generating convective clouds systematically near the equator with little cyclone activity, the local annual rainfall amount in the tropics is a steeply decreasing function of coastal distance (e-folding scale 100-300 km), and regional annual rainfall is an increasing function of "coastline density" (coastal length/land area) measured at a horizontal resolution of 100 km. The coastline density effect explains why rainfall and latent heating over the IMC are twice the global mean for an area that makes up only 4% of the Earth's surface. The diurnal cycles appearing almost synchronously over the whole IMC generate teleconnections between the IMC convection and the global climate. Thus, high-resolution (<< 100 km; << 1 day) observations and models over the IMC are essential to improve both local disaster prevention and global climate prediction.

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Section: Diurnal Cycle Observed Around the Imc Coastlinesmentioning

confidence: 69%

Section: Diurnal Cycle Observed Around the Imc Coastlinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maritime continent coastlines controlling Earth’s climate

Yamanaka

Ogino

et al. 2018

Prog Earth Planet Sci

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“…Over the land and coastal seas, the rainfall has a strong diurnal cycle brought about by sea/land breeze circulation (e.g. Mak and Walsh, 1976;Hadi et al, 2002;Joseph et al, 2008;Teo et al, 2011). In contrast, the diurnal cycle of the rainfall over the South China Sea has smaller amplitude especially near the Equator (see the boxes in Fig.…”

Section: Rainfall and Its Diurnal Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Borneo vortex and mesoscale convective rainfall

2014

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Abstract.We have investigated how the Borneo vortex develops over the equatorial South China Sea under cold surge conditions in December during the Asian winter monsoon. Composite analysis using reanalysis and satellite data sets has revealed that absolute vorticity and water vapour are transported by strong cold surges from upstream of the South China Sea to around the Equator. Rainfall is correspondingly enhanced over the equatorial South China Sea. A semi-idealized experiment reproduced the Borneo vortex over the equatorial South China Sea during a "perpetual" cold surge. The Borneo vortex is manifested as a meso-α cyclone with a comma-shaped rainband in the northeast sector of the cyclone. Vorticity budget analysis showed that the growth/maintenance of the meso-α cyclone was achieved mainly by the vortex stretching. This vortex stretching is due to the upward motion forced by the latent heat release around the cyclone centre. The comma-shaped rainband consists of clusters of meso-β-scale rainfall cells. The intense rainfall in the comma head (comma tail) is generated by the confluence of the warmer and wetter cyclonic easterly flow (cyclonic southeasterly flow) and the cooler and drier northeasterly surge in the northwestern (northeastern) sector of the cyclone. Intense upward motion and heavy rainfall resulted due to the low-level convergence and the favourable thermodynamic profile at the confluence zone. In particular, the convergence in the northwestern sector is responsible for maintenance of the meso-α cyclone system. At both meso-α and meso-β scales, the convergence is ultimately caused by the deviatoric strain in the confluence wind pattern but is significantly self-enhanced by the nonlinear dynamics.

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“…Sea (land) breezes (e.g. Mak and Walsh, 1976;Hadi et al, 2002;Joseph et al, 2008) are generated primarily by a local thermal contrast between land and sea surfaces. They converge over the land (sea) and bring daytime (nocturnal) rainfall.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the cold tongue in the South China Sea on the monsoon, diurnal cycle and rainfall in the Maritime Continent

Koseki

Koh

Teo

2012

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

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We investigate the effects of the cold tongue in the South China Sea (SCS) on the winter monsoon, rainfall and diurnal cycle in the maritime continent using a numerical model verified with satellite rainfall and reanalysis data. Composite analysis of the observation and reanalysis data based on cold tongue index indicates that the penetration of the monsoon to Java Sea is enhanced when the cold tongue is strong. A sensitivity experiment without the cold tongue shows that the winter monsoon is diminished over SCS and around coastal regions because of anomalous low-level cyclonic circulation associated with enhanced convection over SCS due to the warmer sea surface temperature (SST). The diurnal cycle, in particular the night-morning rainfall, over the sea in coastal regions is modified. The effect on daytime rainfall over the land is relatively weaker. Along the northern coast of Java far from the SCS, the night-morning rainfall is much reduced over the Java Sea when the cold tongue is suppressed because of the weakened land-breeze front as a result of the weakened northerly monsoon. In contrast, the afternoon-evening rainfall on Java Island is slightly enhanced, showing that the local impacts are not simply the result of large-scale subsidence from the convective anomaly in the SCS. Along the northwestern coast of Borneo adjacent to the SCS, the weakened winter monsoon tends to reduce the rainfall at the land-breeze front near the coastline. On the other hand, the warmer SST forces a stronger land breeze and the weakened monsoon encourages further and faster offshore propagation of the land-breeze front. Consequently, the rainfall peak shifts further offshore in the sensitivity experiment. We conclude that the cold tongue has two effects, the sustenance of a strong monsoon (indirect effect) and the cooling of local SST (direct effect), which have opposite influences on the diurnal cycle in the Maritime Continent.

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Sea-Breeze Circulation over Jakarta, Indonesia: A Climatology Based on Boundary Layer Radar Observations

Cited by 74 publications

References 23 publications

Maritime continent coastlines controlling Earth’s climate

Maritime continent coastlines controlling Earth’s climate

Borneo vortex and mesoscale convective rainfall

Effects of the cold tongue in the South China Sea on the monsoon, diurnal cycle and rainfall in the Maritime Continent

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