Sea Anemones

Scott, Anna

doi:10.1002/9781119169147.ch21b

Cited by 10 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…For restoration via sexual propagation to be viable, we need to understand the method and timing of reproduction, settlement method, preferred settlement substrate, and growth rate of the target species (Edwards et al, 2010). Similar information would be required for anemones that have been successfully grown in captivity from fertilized eggs, but grew extremely slowly (Scott et al, 2014;Scott, 2017).…”

Section: What Information Do We Need To Successfully Restore Octocoramentioning

confidence: 98%

“…On the other hand, octocorals and anemones are usually relatively simple to propagate asexually (from cuttings) due to their soft bodies. Anemones can be cut in halves or quarters, and will close the wound within 24 h and have a fully formed mouth in as little as 1 month (Scott et al, 2014;Scott, 2017). The greatest drawback to this method is that is reduces genetic FIGURE 3 | A simple decision tree to inform soft coral restoration efforts.…”

Section: What Information Do We Need To Successfully Restore Octocoramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…diversity due to the clonal nature of fragments, which can affect future population genetic structure and breeding success, though this can be mitigated by collecting fragments from multiple genetically distinct colonies (Baums, 2008;Shearer et al, 2009). Despite this, some octocorals and anemones naturally grow by clonal means, including budding and fission, and this method may result in naturally low diversity and an increased proportion of locally adapted genotypes and increase local adaptations (McFadden, 1991;Dahan and Benayahu, 1997;Barneah et al, 2002;Baums, 2008;Sherman and Ayre, 2008;Scott et al, 2014;Scott, 2017). Overall, the reproductive method (sexual vs. asexual), local adaptations, and genetic diversity of source populations should be considered when choosing how to source propagules for restoration (Baums, 2008;Edwards et al, 2010).…”

Section: What Information Do We Need To Successfully Restore Octocoramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, some studies are now releasing stony coral larvae directly after collection (dela Cruz and Harrison, 2017). Anemones are highly sought after in the aquarium trade, and therefore aquaculture techniques are wellestablished for many species (Scott, 2017). Some species of octocoral are also grown for the ornamental aquarium trade, but many restoration target species are too difficult for the average home aquarist due to habitat and feeding requirements.…”

Section: What Information Do We Need To Successfully Restore Octocoramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This has resulted in some species becoming particularly successful invaders (Concepcion et al, 2010;Hancock et al, 2017). Anemones grow relatively slowly, but can reproduce asexually, leading to relatively rapid local population expansion (Brace and Quicke, 1986;Veale and Lavery, 2012;Scott et al, 2014;Scott, 2017). Though the lack of skeletal structure likely facilitates rapid recovery, it also means that their initial loss can be difficult to quantify because octocorals and anemones leave no obvious traces of population declines or extirpations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Know Thy Anemone: A Review of Threats to Octocorals and Anemones and Opportunities for Their Restoration

et al. 2020

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In studies of habitat-forming species, those that are not spatially dominant are often considered "non-primary" habitat and may be overlooked. This is despite the fact that minority habitat formers can provide critical complexity, food, and other services that underpin ecosystem biodiversity. Octocorals and anemones are found in marine and estuarine habitats across all climate zones. Despite their potentially important ecological roles, to date there have been few studies of their specific threats and stressors or attempts at their restoration. Here we review studies of the ecology of octocorals and anemones with a focus on threats and restoration. We identify many threats including habitat damage, collection and trade, disease, predation, pollution, and the most widespread-climate change. While evidence suggests that some octocorals and anemone populations may be more resilient to disturbances than stony corals because they often recruit and grow quickly, resilience is not guaranteed. Instead, resilience or susceptibility within this large group is likely to be site and species specific. We find that the loss of octocorals and anemones has been difficult to quantify as most species have no hard structures that remain following a mortality event. Only through long-term monitoring efforts have researchers been able to document change in these populations. Due to the increasing extent and severity of human impacts in marine ecosystems, restoration of habitat forming species is becoming increasingly necessary after disturbance events. To illustrate the challenges ahead for octocoral and anemone restoration, we present two examples of ongoing restoration efforts assessed against the International Standards for the Practice of Ecological Restoration. Restoration planning and implementation progress are documented for the Mediterranean red coral Corallium rubrum and the temperate Australian cauliflower soft coral, Dendronephthya australis. This review and the detailed case studies demonstrate that while some octocorals and anemones can provide resilient habitat within reef systems, a greater research focus on their ecology, threats, and restoration potential is urgently required.

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Section: What Information Do We Need To Successfully Restore Octocoramentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: What Information Do We Need To Successfully Restore Octocoramentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: What Information Do We Need To Successfully Restore Octocoramentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: What Information Do We Need To Successfully Restore Octocoramentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Know Thy Anemone: A Review of Threats to Octocorals and Anemones and Opportunities for Their Restoration

et al. 2020

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Sea anemones in the marine aquarium trade: Market preferences indicate opportunities for mariculture and conservation

Fraser

Mangubhai

Hall

et al. 2021

Aquatic Conservation

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1. Marine aquarium organisms represent some of the highest value products that can be harvested from coral reefs. Collection is extremely selective, and sea anemones are often targeted, leading to reduced densities and localized extinctions in some locations. Currently, there is a lack of information about species' popularity and survival in captivity, and consumer attitudes towards sustainability.2. This study surveyed aquarists and businesses (n = 445) from 39 countries between February and October 2018 to help fill these knowledge gaps. 3. Respondent groups indicated similar preferences. The three most desired species were Entacmaea quadricolor, Stichodactyla tapetum and Heteractis magnifica. Size preferences for anemones were typically smaller (tentacle crown diameter of 100-200 mm) than their maximum sizes. Survival time in captivity was generally 12 months or longer, and 20% lived more than 10 years.

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Asexual propagation of two sea anemone taxa for Banggai cardinalfish microhabitat enhancement

Moore

Yasir

A-Rappe

et al. 2020

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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The iconic symbiosis with clownfish is not the only sea anemone-fish association. Several tropical sea anemones provide microhabitat for the Endangered (IUCN Red List) Banggai cardinalfish Pterapogon kauderni. Microhabitat loss from declining sea anemone populations is a serious threat to native P. kauderni populations or evolutionarily significant units (ESUs). One measure advocated to maintain and rehabilitate these P. kauderni ESUs is to restore microhabitat abundance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the asexual propagation of wild anemone broodstock with the subsequent release. Two species with which P. kauderni commonly associates (Heteractis crispa and Entacmaea quadricolor) were identified through field surveys. Parent anemones were bisected, cutting through the center of the oral disc. Propagules (half anemones) were placed in empty clam shells as hard substrate. Treatments provided different levels of protection from potential predators, in aquaria (P. kauderni present/absent), concrete tanks (P. kauderni and Diadema urchins excluded/not excluded) or in a net cage on the natural substrate (fish and invertebrate fauna including P. kauderni and Diadema setosum). The cut edges of sectioned anemones joined together within seconds, with wounds typically healing in around 7 days and joins hard to see after 3-4 weeks. Growth was faster and long-term survival higher in the net cage compared to tanks for uncovered and covered anemones. The results indicate the potential for this propagation method in the context of P. kauderni conservation and suggest sectioned anemones should be moved to the natural rehabilitation areas once capable of adhering firmly to a hard substrate.

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Sea Anemones

Cited by 10 publications

References 93 publications

Know Thy Anemone: A Review of Threats to Octocorals and Anemones and Opportunities for Their Restoration

Know Thy Anemone: A Review of Threats to Octocorals and Anemones and Opportunities for Their Restoration

Sea anemones in the marine aquarium trade: Market preferences indicate opportunities for mariculture and conservation

Asexual propagation of two sea anemone taxa for Banggai cardinalfish microhabitat enhancement

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