“…Previous studies indicate that these two main splitorbit peaks are indicative of the hexavalent Mo 6+ oxidation state. 9,43,44 The S 2p spectrum resolution is high (Fig. 4d), showing two signals at 163.1 eV and 164.7 eV, corresponding to S 2p 3/2 and S 2p 1/2 states, 34,[45][46][47] and the peak at 169.8 eV is correlated with SO 4 2− , which is caused by surface oxidation.…”