Screwworm Eradication: Inadvertent Selection for Noncompetitive Ecotypes During Mass Rearing

Bush, GL; Rw, Neck; Kitto, G. Barrie

doi:10.1126/science.941019

Cited by 93 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…Temperature selection may be responsible since Gpd alleles have appeared sensitive to climatic temperature in other insects such as screwworm flies 46 and Colias butterflies. 47 Jacobina is located inland at an elevation of approximately 500 m, in contrast to the coastal or Amazonian sites near sea level, and probably has differing annual temperature cycles; unfortunately, maps of isotherms were not available.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic variability in biochemical characters of Brazilian field populations of the Leishmania vector, Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae).

Mukhopadhyay¹,

Ghosh²,

Rangel³

et al. 1998

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The phlebotomine sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis is the insect vector of visceral leishmaniasis, a protozoan disease of increasing incidence and distribution in Central and South America. Electrophoretic allele frequencies of 15 enzyme loci were compared among the L. longipalpis populations selected across its distribution range in Brazil. The mean heterozygosity of two colonized geographic strains (one each from Colombia and Brazil) were 6% and 13% respectively, with 1.6-1.9 alleles detected per locus. In contrast, among the seven widely separated field populations, the mean heterozygosity ranged from 11% to 16% with 2.1-2.9 alleles per locus. No locus was recovered that was diagnostic for any of the field populations. Allelic frequency differences among five field strains from the Amazon basin and eastern coastal Brazil were very low, with Nei's genetic distances of less than 0.01 separating them. The two inland and southerly samples from Minas Gerais (Lapinha) and Bahia (Jacobina) states were more distinctive with genetic distances of 0.024-0.038 and 0.038-0.059, respectively, when compared with the five other samples. These differences were the consequence of several high frequency alleles (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [Gpd 1.69 ] and phosphoglucomutase [Pgm 1.69 ]) relatively uncommon in other strains. The low genetic distances, absence of diagnostic loci, and the distribution of genes in geographic space indicate L. longipalpis of Brazil to be a single, but genetically heterogeneous, polymorphic species.American visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) is a fatal disease in the New World tropics. Approximately 1.6 million people are at risk of infection with this disease and on average, 16,000 cases are reported annually. 1,2 More than 90% of human cases occur in Brazil. 3,4 Visceral leishmaniasis in humans is caused by the kinetoplastid protozoan Leishmania donovani chagasi Cunha and Chagas. 5,6 However, in Central America, infections also frequently result in cutaneous disease. [7][8][9] The most important vector of Leishmania d. chagasi is the phlebotomine sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz and Neiva). 10-13 It was first described from specimens collected in São Paulo Bosque de Saúde (no longer in existence), 100 km north northwest of Belo Horizonte at the Caves of Maquiné (Cordisburgo) and at a ranch near the river port of Benjamin Constant (Além Paraíba, 140 km northeast of Rio de Janeiro) Fazenda Ouro Fino. 14,15 It occurs from southern Mexico to northern Argentina in discontinuous distributions. 16 In Brazil, L. longipalpis has been recorded in habitats ranging from heavily populated urban centers to rural, periurban areas in a wide variety of ecotopes including mountain ranges to the east and the Amazon river basin covering most of the north and central Brazil. Therefore, the sand flies survive in a variety of habitats and sometimes in zones where formidable barriers prevent their migration. Since they have a limited flight range, rarely migrating more than 100 meters, the widely separ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic variability in biochemical characters of Brazilian field populations of the Leishmania vector, Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae).

Mukhopadhyay¹,

Ghosh²,

Rangel³

et al. 1998

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Mate-selection processes may be changed because unmated or previously mated females will have restricted means of escape (Bartlett 1984b) 6. Dispersal characteristics, specifically adult flight behavior and larval dispersal, may be severely restricted by laboratory conditions (Bush et al 1976) Furthermore, if a genetic differentiation has developed between laboratory and field populations, this may lead to genetic isolation (Oliver 1972). Also, positive correlation has been found between the incompatibility of such races and the differences between the environments (laboratory, field) where races occur, and for the length of time two populations have been isolated.…”

Section: Genetic Changes In Laboratory Coloniesmentioning

confidence: 91%

Quality Control of Mass Reared Egg Parasitoids

Lenteren

Bigler

2009

Egg Parasitoids in Agroecosystems With Emphasis on Trichogramma

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“…They predicted that complete mating failure could not occur because the sexual activities of mass-reared flies still occurred at the lower light-intensity levels that were required to stimulate mating activity in wild flies; however, when the mating time of a mass-reared strain is later than that of a wild strain, as in the present case, the probability of copulation among wild flies could increase. Bush et al (1976) demonstrated that the sexual activity time of massreared screwworms, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), was later than that of wild screwworms. They concluded that this difference was one of the causes of increased infestation during eradication programs in the southwestern United States, because the mating of wild flies was completed among themselves before mass-reared flies 312 T. MATSUYAMA and H. KUBA became competent for sexual activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mating time and call frequency of males between mass-reared and wild strains of melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Matsuyama

Kuba

2009

Appl. Entomol. Zool.

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The courtship calling frequency of males and the time of mating during the day were compared between an Okinawa mass-reared strain and a Taiwan wild strain of the melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett). The mass-reared strain was maintained for about 150 generations under artificial rearing conditions and was concurrently used for the sterile insect technique (SIT) in Okinawa. The call frequency of males was significantly lower in the Okinawa massreared strain than in the Taiwan wild strain, and the mating time of mass-reared males was significantly later in the day than that of Taiwan wild-strain males. Moreover, the mating competitiveness of the Okinawa mass-reared strain was lower than the Taiwan wild strain in mate-choice tests. These results suggest that improvement in the mating competitiveness of mass-reared melon flies or the introduction of a new strain from a foreign country is urgently needed for the SIT program to eradicate the melon fly population in case of reinvasion in Japan.

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Screwworm Eradication: Inadvertent Selection for Noncompetitive Ecotypes During Mass Rearing

Cited by 93 publications

References 22 publications

Genetic variability in biochemical characters of Brazilian field populations of the Leishmania vector, Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae).

Genetic variability in biochemical characters of Brazilian field populations of the Leishmania vector, Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae).

Quality Control of Mass Reared Egg Parasitoids

Mating time and call frequency of males between mass-reared and wild strains of melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

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