Screening the Blood Supply for West Nile Virus RNA by Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing

Busch, Michael P.; Caglioti, Sally; Robertson, Eugene F.; McAuley, Joan D.; Tobler, Leslie H.; Kamel, Hany; Linnen, Jeffrey M.; Tomasulo, Peter; Kleinman, Steven

doi:10.1056/nejmoa044029

Cited by 197 publications

(143 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…In the United States, national blood donor screening using minipool (MP) nucleic acid testing (NAT) was initiated in 2003. This rapidly implemented screening strategy prevented the release of presumably infectious blood products from more than 500 donors (27,28). Despite the success of screening, retrospective studies showed that MP-NAT missed some low-level viremic donations and thus could not completely eliminate the risk of acquiring infection by transfusion of infected blood products (27)(28)(29).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This rapidly implemented screening strategy prevented the release of presumably infectious blood products from more than 500 donors (27,28). Despite the success of screening, retrospective studies showed that MP-NAT missed some low-level viremic donations and thus could not completely eliminate the risk of acquiring infection by transfusion of infected blood products (27)(28)(29). Therefore, screening strategies were investigated and the switch was made from MP-NAT to individual donor-NAT, which has been shown to be the most sensitive method for detecting viremic donations (30).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of West Nile virus among healthy blood donors in the western part of Turkey

Biçeroğlu

Karataylı²,

Bayram³

et al. 2015

Turk J Med Sci

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Background/aim: The West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus causing different forms of infection among humans, varying from asymptomatic illness to fetal central nervous system infection. Turkey lies within an endemic region for WNV. Transfusion of infected blood products is another well-documented major route of transmission. The aim of our study was to investigate the presence of WNV viremia among a healthy donor population from the western part of the country. Materials and methods:A total of 438 healthy volunteer blood donors were included in the study. The presence of WNV RNA was investigated by quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and anti-WNV IgG was detected by a commercial ELISA test.Results: Ages of volunteer donors were 18-62 years (mean: 34.7) and 34 (7.76%) were women. All samples were negative for WNV RNA by qRT-PCR. Eleven (2.51%) samples, 1 of which was borderline, were positive for anti-WNV IgG. All positive samples were from the western part of the country and 9 of them were from İzmir. Conclusion:Although all donor samples were negative for WNV RNA by qRT-PCR, the risk of WNV transmission via blood products should not be ignored in endemic regions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of West Nile virus among healthy blood donors in the western part of Turkey

Biçeroğlu

Karataylı²,

Bayram³

et al. 2015

Turk J Med Sci

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“…The qualitative DENV RNA assay (18,20) uses the same technology as the FDA-licensed Procleix WNV assay (2,11,17,33). Briefly, 500 l of specimen was added to a detergent solution (target capture reagent), and viral RNA was isolated using magnetism-based target capture.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Sensitive Detection of Dengue Virus Nucleic Acid in Samples from Clinically Ill Patients

Muñoz‐Jordán

Collins²,

Vergne

et al. 2009

J Clin Microbiol

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Dengue virus (DENV) is a major cause of febrile illness and hemorrhagic fever in tropical and subtropical regions. Typically, patients presenting with acute dengue disease are viremic but may not have yet developed detectable titers of antibody. Therefore, early diagnosis depends mostly on detection of viral components, such as the RNA. To define the potential use of transcription-mediated amplification (TMA) DENV RNA as a diagnostic tool, we first compared its analytic sensitivity using a routine real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and found that TMA is approximately 10 to 100 times more sensitive. In addition, we tested acute-phase serum samples (<5 days post-symptom onset) submitted as part of laboratory-based surveillance in Puerto Rico and determined that among patients with serologically confirmed dengue infection, TMA detected DENV RNA in almost 80% of serum specimens that were negative by the RT-PCR test used for diagnosis and in all specimens with positive RT-PCR results. We conclude that TMA is a highly sensitive method which can detect DENV RNA in approximately 89% of clinical, acute-phase serum specimens.

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“…Since its emergence in the United States in 1999, Ϸ26,000 cases of symptomatic WNV infection have been confirmed (www.cdc. gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&control.htm#maps), and seroprevalence studies suggest that several million people have been infected (1).…”

Section: W Est Nile Virus (Wnv) Is a Neurotropic Member Of Thementioning

confidence: 99%

Axonal transport mediates West Nile virus entry into the central nervous system and induces acute flaccid paralysis

Samuel

Wang

Siddharthan

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

194

176

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West Nile virus (WNV) has emerged as a significant cause of epidemic viral encephalitis and flaccid limb paralysis, yet the mechanism by which it enters the CNS remains uncertain. We used compartmentalized neuron cultures to demonstrate that WNV spreads in both retrograde and anterograde directions via axonal transport. Transneuronal spread of WNV required axonal release of viral particles and was blocked by addition of a therapeutic neutralizing antibody. To test the physiologic significance of axonal transport in vivo, we directly inoculated the sciatic nerve of hamsters with WNV. Intrasciatic infection resulted in paralysis of the hind limb ipsilateral but not contralateral to the injection site. Limb paralysis was blocked either by surgical transection of the sciatic nerve or treatment with the therapeutic neutralizing antibody. Collectively, these studies establish that WNV undergoes bidirectional spread in neurons and that axonal transport promotes viral entry into the CNS and acute limb paralysis. Moreover, antibody therapeutics directly inhibit transneuronal spread of WNV infection and prevent the development of paralysis in vivo.flavivirus ͉ neuron ͉ retrograde ͉ transneuronal spread W est Nile virus (WNV) is a neurotropic member of the Flaviviridae family of RNA viruses and is related to other important arthropod-borne human pathogens. WNV is maintained in an enzootic cycle between mosquitoes and birds and has become an important global cause of epidemic encephalitis. Since its emergence in the United States in 1999, Ϸ26,000 cases of symptomatic WNV infection have been confirmed (www.cdc. gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&control.htm#maps), and seroprevalence studies suggest that several million people have been infected (1).Rodent models have provided insight into the mechanisms of WNV spread to the CNS. After s.c. inoculation, WNV-infected dendritic cells traffic to the draining lymph node, resulting in a primary viremia and infection of peripheral tissues. Within 6 days, WNV is cleared from the serum and peripheral organs and enters the CNS and induces neurological disease (reviewed in ref.2). Nonetheless, the specific mechanisms by which WNV or other neurotropic flaviviruses enter into the CNS are largely unknown. CNS infection may occur in part via hematogenous spread, as increased viremia in immunodeficient mice (2) and TNF-␣-mediated changes in blood-brain-barrier permeability correlate with earlier CNS entry (3).Axonal transport from infected peripheral neurons mediates CNS entry and pathogenesis of viruses in the Herpesviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Picornaviridae families (4-6). Viral spread in neurons is generally mediated by fast axonal transport, a microtubule-associated, anterograde and retrograde transport system. In classical studies, CNS infection of rabies virus or poliovirus was prevented by axonal ligation or degeneration (7,8). Insights into the biology of axonal spread have been facilitated by the development of compartmentalized, or Campenot, chambers for culturing neurons (9). These s...

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Screening the Blood Supply for West Nile Virus RNA by Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing

Cited by 197 publications

References 17 publications

Investigation of West Nile virus among healthy blood donors in the western part of Turkey

Investigation of West Nile virus among healthy blood donors in the western part of Turkey

Highly Sensitive Detection of Dengue Virus Nucleic Acid in Samples from Clinically Ill Patients

Axonal transport mediates West Nile virus entry into the central nervous system and induces acute flaccid paralysis

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