Screening of Staphylococcus aureus for Disinfection Evaluation and Transcriptome Analysis of High Tolerance to Chlorine-Containing Disinfectants

Abstract

The nonstandard use of disinfectants can lead to the disinfectant resistance of bacteria and even increase antibiotic resistance. However, compared with the study of antibiotic resistance, studies of bacterial resistance to disinfectants are relatively few in number. In this study, we explored the standard strain screening procedure for the evaluation of disinfection efficacy. Staphylococcus aureus strains with different sources and substrates were selected from the National Pathogen Resource Center of China and screened the standard strains that could evaluate the long-term bacteriostatic effect of the chlorine-containing disinfectants through the determination of the physical properties, genome-based safety evaluation, and disinfection test evaluation. In this process, one S. aureus strain was more resistant to the long-term bacteriostasis of chlorine-containing disinfectants than the other strains. This strain and the standard strain ATCC 6538 were cultured in the medium containing a low concentration of chlorine-containing disinfectant synchronously. Then, comparative transcriptome analysis was carried out to investigate the potential mechanism of a high tolerance to chlorine-containing disinfectants. The pathway of significant differential expression is related to the oxocarboxylic acid metabolic mechanism, amino acid metabolic mechanism, and pyrimidine mechanism, which may be the molecular mechanism of S. aureus evolution to adapt to chlorine-containing disinfectants. Our study established a technical process for screening and evaluating standard strains for disinfection, which also provided a reference for studying the bacterial evolution mechanism toward chlorine tolerance.

Development of a Point-of-Use Drinking Water Purifier Using Aluminum Oxide-Based Flocculent-Disinfectant Composite

“…In addition, organic and inorganic particles contained in turbidity protect microorganisms from free chlorine disinfection, a phenomenon recognized as 'particle association' [39]. The stabilization of cell membranes protects by restricting access to critical components for cellular inactivation and microbial inactivation [44]. These results align with the findings of Léziart et al [45], where E. coli log reduction reduced from 4 log reduction to 1 log due to turbidity.…”

Phage-mediated aggregation of gold nanoparticles for visual detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

“…For example, the initial step in phage infection involves adsorption to the bacterial surface, a phage strain with a higher adsorption rate would, on average, spend less time encountering and attacking a host [29] whereas a large burst size is deemed advantageous for the e cient release of phages [17]. As demonstrated in the results section and compared with other previously reported phages, the relatively high adsorption rate and burst size of phage VPP1 enable it to capture and lyse a greater number of bacterial cells within a speci c timeframe [18,30].…”

“…A similar phenomenon was observed in our previous research on the detection of Staphylococcus aureus using phage-functionalized magnetic beads. There is a critical threshold for the quantity of magnetic beads, and an excessive amount in turn impairs the detection signal [30]. The sedimentation behavior of colloidal gold, either encapsulated with phage or not, can be in uenced by the concentration of NaCl [38].…”

Insights into the Microbiome and Antibiotic Resistance Genes from Hospital Environmental Surfaces: A Prime Source of Antimicrobial Resistance

“…At the genus level, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, and Acinetobacter dominated both counter surfaced and patient sinks, while Pseudomonas only dominated the patient sinks. Bacillus has the ability to form spores to confer resistance to extreme environments such as high heat and disinfectants [25] while Acinetobacter [26] and Staphylococcus [27] have been shown to form biofilms, acquire microbicide resistance genes, and survive in unfavourable environments. Pseudomonas also demonstrates the ability to survive against disinfectant toxicity and in harsh environments through biofilm formation [28].…”