Screening of Polish Fir Honeydew Honey Using GC/MS, HPLC‐DAD, and Physical‐Chemical Parameters: Benzene Derivatives and Terpenes as Chemical Markers

Abstract

GC/MS of headspace solid phase micro extraction (HS-SPME) and solvent extractives along with targeted HPLC-DAD of Polish fir (Abies alba Mill.) honeydew honey (FHH), were used to determine the chemical profiles and potential markers of botanical origin. Additionally, typical physical-chemical parameters were also assigned. The values determined for FHH were: conductivity (1.2 mS/cm), water content (16.7 g/100 g), pH (4.5), and CIE chromaticity coordinates (L* = 48.4, a* = 20.6, b* = 69.7, C* = 72.9, and h° = 73.5). FHH contained moderate-high total phenolic content (533.2 mg GAE/kg) and antioxidant activity (1.1 mmol TEAC/kg) and (3.2 mmol Fe /kg) in DPPH and FRAP assays. The chemical profiles were dominated by source plant-originated benzene derivatives: 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (up to 8.7 mg/kg, HPLC/honey solution), methyl syringate (up to 14.5%, GC/solvent extracts) or benzaldehyde (up to 43.7%, GC/headspace). Other markers were terpenes including norisoprenoid (4-hydroxy-3,5,6-trimethyl-4-(3-oxobut-1-enyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-one, up to 20.3%, GC/solvent extracts) and monoterpenes, mainly linalool derivatives (up to 49%, GC/headspace) as well as borneol (up to 5.9%, GC/headspace). The application of various techniques allowed comprehensive characterisation of FHH. 4-Hydroxy-3,5,6-trimethyl-4-(3-oxobut-1-enyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-one, coniferyl alcohol, borneol, and benzaldehyde were first time proposed for FHH screening. Protocatechuic acid may be a potential marker of FFH regardless of the geographical origin.

Evaluation of the Antioxidant Capacity, Antimicrobial and Antiproliferative Potential of Fir (Abies alba Mill.) Honeydew Honey Collected from Gorski kotar (Croatia)

“…( 36 ) reported the water content up to 21.8% in Moroccan honey, while Kuś et al . ( 37 ) found 16.7% and Rybak-Chmielewska et al . ( 38 ) 16.8% in Polish honeydew honey.…”

Characterization of Sicilian Honeys Pollen Profiles Using a Commercial E-Tongue and Melissopalynological Analysis for Rapid Screening: A Pilot Study

“…However, it always requires a panel of skilled assessors [ 22 ]. In addition, analytical and quantitative methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography are also routinely performed, resulting in a discrimination obtained from the general fingerprints or from the different profiles of the components identified (e.g., amino acids, benzene derivatives, terpenes) [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. However, these methods are laborious and time-consuming, require considerable analytical skills, involve a lot of tedious and complex pre-treatment of samples, and use many hazardous organic reagents that require high costs for storage and disposal [ 30 ].…”

“…As a result, an electrochemical redox reaction occurs at the electrodes’ surface, and gives rise to the measured current [ 36 ]. So far, E-tongues have been successfully used for honey botanical origin identification, providing an economic and rapid method of recognition [ 12 , 16 , 25 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ]. In particular, E-tongues have been used to classify honey according to its botanical [ 8 , 43 , 47 , 48 ] or geographical origin [ 43 , 49 ], and to detect adulterations with sugar syrups [ 8 , 50 , 51 ].…”

Insight into the Chemical Diversity of Late/Ice Harvest Gewürztraminer Wine

“…The headspace solid‐phase microextraction was performed by manual sampler (Supelco) using the fiber polydimethylsiloxane/carboxene/divinylbenzene (PDMS/CARB/DVB) as described in the previous articles. [ ][ ] The extraction time was 45 min, and the sample was equilibrated at 60 °C for 15 min. The extraction was performed in triplicate and each replicate was analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS).…”