Screening of periodontitis with salivary enzyme tests

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the usefulness of salivary biochemical markers for the screening of periodontal disease and examine the agreement between the results of saliva enzyme tests and those of probing depth. The present study included a total of 187 subjects who underwent annual medical check-ups at the Comprehensive Health Care Center, Honjo, Saitama Prefecture, Japan. Periodontal pocket probing was performed with a WHO probe, and various enzymes and biochemical parameters in saliva were measured. For lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), the proportions of the five isoenzymes were calculated. To decide the cut-off point for each enzymatic activity, receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC curves) were constructed and the points of minimum difference between sensitivity and specificity were decided. Among the biochemical markers tested, salivary LDH level had the highest sensitivity and specificity (sensitivity 0.66, specificity 0.67), while salivary levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) also had sensitivity and specificity above 0.60. Among the LDH isoenzymes, LDH4 and LDH5 dominated in whole saliva samples. Salivary LDH may be a feasible and useful parameter for the screening of periodontal disease, while salivary AST and BUN also appear to be potentially useful for this purpose. (J. Oral Sci. 48, [177][178][179][180][181][182][183] 2006)

Recent Advances in Salivary Proteomics, Genomics and Transcriptomics: A Reliable Tool in Periodontal diagnosis – A Review

“…Salivary AST levels were significantly higher in a group of patients who had more severe periodontal disease than controls (38). In another study, AST levels significantly increased with increasing severity of periodontitis and ALT levels increased, but not to a significant level, above the healthy controls (39). It has also been demonstrated that salivary levels of AST and ALT in patients with periodontitis decrease significantly after scaling (40).…”

Relationship between salivary levels of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone levels in saliva and chronic periodontitis

“…[24] A periodontal probe is generally used for periodontitis screening during community-based oral health check-ups, though several problems, including cost, burden on the subject, prevention of infection, and manpower needs, have been pointed out. On the other hand, progress is being made in the development of various screening tests for periodontitis using enzymes, [25] cytokines, [26] and antimicrobial proteins [27] in saliva. We think that it would be better to combine several tests that reflect the multiple risk factors associated with periodontitis and not depend on results of a single test.…”

Comparison of Whole Salivary Lactate Dehydrogenase Level in Patients With and Without Periodontal Disease

“…It is believed that blood is the gold standard source for detecting biomarkers (5). Many studies have shown that detecting periodontal biomarkers in GCF is a reliable approach for periodontal disease diagnosis (19,23,24). However, GCF sampling is difficult, costly, and as it is a site-specific method, it is time consuming.…”

“…LDH is an intracellular enzyme that is released from dead cells as a result of periodontal destruction. LDH level can be measured in saliva (4,6,23). Therefore, in the test group that included periodontitis patients, a higher salivary LDH level was shown.…”

“…However, GCF sampling is difficult, costly, and as it is a site-specific method, it is time consuming. Therefore, in order to solve problems regarding blood and GCF sampling, saliva has been proposed as a source of biomarkers (6,23,24). Previous studies have shown that these biomarkers could be measured in saliva (13,24,25).…”