Abstract:Arid and semiarid regions are vulnerable to water deficits and salinity. Citrus plants are sensitive to saline stress and require the use of tolerant scion-rootstock combinations. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate and classify citrus scion-rootstock combinations with respect to their tolerance to salinity during seedling formation in a protected environment. An experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with a 5 x 12 x 2 factorial scheme corresponding to five levels of water salinity (0.8, 1.6, 2.4… Show more
“…Another inference that can be made is that, both in the first and the second year of cultivation, salinity negatively affected the production variables NFPL, WFPL, and AFW (Figure 7A,B); that is, as salinity increased, production decreased, corroborating what was shown in the boxplots presented in Figures 1-6, as well as in studies conducted by several authors [8,10,25,27].…”
Section: Production Analysissupporting
confidence: 85%
“…The evaluation of the second production year made it possible to confirm the information obtained in the first year when the distinction of genotypes irrigated with waters of higher salinity levels was verified. The observations can be confirmed particularly for HTR-069, a hybrid of 'Pera' sweet orange with 'Yuma' citrange, as a rootstock that confers greater tolerance to salinity, corroborating the results obtained with this hybrid in the seedling formation stage [10]. On the other hand, highlighting this rootstock does not disqualify the potential of the others, since citrus plants show stabilization of production between six and seven years [15].…”
Section: Production Analysissupporting
confidence: 61%
“…However, this response may vary depending on the scion/rootstock combination used and the management of the production system [9,10], which denotes the importance of identifying rootstocks that can confer tolerance to the scion variety, to obtain economically viable yields, even under saline conditions.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Regarding tolerance to salt stress, researchers have studied the effects of salinity on nutritional imbalance and ionic interactions in plant tissue [8][9][10]13]. In glycophytes, this tolerance/adaptation to salt stress can be observed even under small accumulation of sodium (Na + ) and chloride (Cl − ) in the aerial parts or in the plant as a whole, a process that is related to the ability to exclude ions, especially in the root system [13], which makes the rootstock an essential component in the formation of the citrus plant.…”
The citrus yield is limited by soil and/or water salinity, but appropriate rootstocks can ensure the sustainability of the production system. Therefore, the objective of the present research was to evaluate the salt content in the soil and the production and physiological aspects of the ‘Tahiti’ acid lime combined with thirteen rootstocks, irrigated with saline water in the first two production years to identify indicators of salt tolerance. The rootstocks evaluated were: ‘Santa Cruz Rangpur’ lime, ‘Indio’, ‘Riverside’ and ‘San Diego’ citrandarins, ‘Sunki Tropical’ mandarin, and eight hybrids, obtained from the Citrus Breeding Program of Embrapa Cassava and Fruits. The waters used had three saline levels: 0.14, 2.40, and 4.80 dS m−1, in a randomized block adopting a split-plot design, with rootstocks in the plots and saline waters in the subplots, with four replicates. From August 2019 to February 2021, fruit harvests and agronomic traits were measured. At the end of each production year, the soil characteristics, leaf gas exchange, and chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis were performed. It was concluded that: (1) the effects of water salinity on citrus are of osmotic nature, reducing gas exchange, (2) the salinity did not significantly damage the photosynthetic apparatus until the second year of production, and (3) using more stable, salt-tolerant rootstocks makes it possible to cultivate ‘Tahiti’ acid lime under irrigation with waters of 2.4 dS m−1 electrical conductivity.
“…Another inference that can be made is that, both in the first and the second year of cultivation, salinity negatively affected the production variables NFPL, WFPL, and AFW (Figure 7A,B); that is, as salinity increased, production decreased, corroborating what was shown in the boxplots presented in Figures 1-6, as well as in studies conducted by several authors [8,10,25,27].…”
Section: Production Analysissupporting
confidence: 85%
“…The evaluation of the second production year made it possible to confirm the information obtained in the first year when the distinction of genotypes irrigated with waters of higher salinity levels was verified. The observations can be confirmed particularly for HTR-069, a hybrid of 'Pera' sweet orange with 'Yuma' citrange, as a rootstock that confers greater tolerance to salinity, corroborating the results obtained with this hybrid in the seedling formation stage [10]. On the other hand, highlighting this rootstock does not disqualify the potential of the others, since citrus plants show stabilization of production between six and seven years [15].…”
Section: Production Analysissupporting
confidence: 61%
“…However, this response may vary depending on the scion/rootstock combination used and the management of the production system [9,10], which denotes the importance of identifying rootstocks that can confer tolerance to the scion variety, to obtain economically viable yields, even under saline conditions.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Regarding tolerance to salt stress, researchers have studied the effects of salinity on nutritional imbalance and ionic interactions in plant tissue [8][9][10]13]. In glycophytes, this tolerance/adaptation to salt stress can be observed even under small accumulation of sodium (Na + ) and chloride (Cl − ) in the aerial parts or in the plant as a whole, a process that is related to the ability to exclude ions, especially in the root system [13], which makes the rootstock an essential component in the formation of the citrus plant.…”
The citrus yield is limited by soil and/or water salinity, but appropriate rootstocks can ensure the sustainability of the production system. Therefore, the objective of the present research was to evaluate the salt content in the soil and the production and physiological aspects of the ‘Tahiti’ acid lime combined with thirteen rootstocks, irrigated with saline water in the first two production years to identify indicators of salt tolerance. The rootstocks evaluated were: ‘Santa Cruz Rangpur’ lime, ‘Indio’, ‘Riverside’ and ‘San Diego’ citrandarins, ‘Sunki Tropical’ mandarin, and eight hybrids, obtained from the Citrus Breeding Program of Embrapa Cassava and Fruits. The waters used had three saline levels: 0.14, 2.40, and 4.80 dS m−1, in a randomized block adopting a split-plot design, with rootstocks in the plots and saline waters in the subplots, with four replicates. From August 2019 to February 2021, fruit harvests and agronomic traits were measured. At the end of each production year, the soil characteristics, leaf gas exchange, and chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis were performed. It was concluded that: (1) the effects of water salinity on citrus are of osmotic nature, reducing gas exchange, (2) the salinity did not significantly damage the photosynthetic apparatus until the second year of production, and (3) using more stable, salt-tolerant rootstocks makes it possible to cultivate ‘Tahiti’ acid lime under irrigation with waters of 2.4 dS m−1 electrical conductivity.
“…Unfortunately, these widely planted varieties are particularly susceptible to HLB disease, with many Florida groves reaching 100% infection [23]. The choice of rootstock can play a role in many horticultural traits such as tree size, fruit yield, and fruit quality [25][26][27][28], as well as tolerance to salinity [29,30]. A recent survey of 'Hamlin' on 32 rootstocks in two locations with different soil types showed that the rootstock choice affected the severity of HLB foliar disease symptoms and sturdiness under storm-force winds [31].…”
Nowadays, citrus greening or Huanglongbing is considered the most destructive disease in the citrus industry worldwide. In the Americas and Asia, the disease is caused by the putative pathogen, ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ and transmitted by the psyllid vector, Diaphorina citri. It has been shown that volatile organic compounds (VOC) that are released from citrus leaves attract the psyllid vector. Herein, we tested whether the rootstock influenced the stored VOC profile in the scion leaves and if these influences were altered after infestation with D. citri. The VOC profiles of the hexane-extracted leaves of the mandarin hybrid ‘Sugar Belle’ that were grafted on three different rootstocks (C-35, sour orange (SO), and US-897) with and without infestation with D. citri were studied. The GC-MS analysis showed that the scion VOC profiles of the non-infested control trees were similar to each other, and rootstock was not a strong influence. However, after one month of infestation with D. citri, clear differences in the scion VOC profiles appeared that were rootstock dependent. Although the total scion leaf VOC content did not differ between the three rootstocks, the infestation increased scion monoterpenes significantly on US-897 and C-35 rootstock, increased terpene alcohols on US-897 and SO rootstock, and increased sesquiterpenes on SO. Infestation with D. citri significantly reduced fatty acids and fatty acid esters across all of the rootstocks. Therefore, our results suggest that rootstock choice could influence scions with an inducible volatile defense by enhancing the amounts of VOCs that are available for repelling vectors or for signaling to their natural enemies or parasitoids. According to this study, US-897 may be the best choice among the three that were studied herein, due to its diverse and robust VOC defense response to infestation with D. citri.
Traditionally, the root system has been regarded as the primary component influencing citrus tolerance. Aerial tissues also play a crucial role in abiotic stress tolerance, as they are responsible for vital physiological processes, such as photosynthesis and transpiration. In addition, these tissues are directly exposed to various stress conditions, including extreme temperatures (heat and cold), high light irradiation, and ultraviolet (UV) exposure. In the current climate change scenario, optimizing both citrus rootstocks and grafted scions is crucial to ensure fruit quality and crop yield. Various approaches have been used to investigate the significance of aerial tissues, including in vitro systems, isolated aerial tissue growth, reciprocal grafting, and girdling. This review highlights recent research on the role of aerial tissues in citrus plants under various abiotic stress conditions. Studying and optimizing the genotypes used as scions in grafted citrus plants under abiotic stress conditions is crucial and may contribute to the development of new crop management strategies and breeding programs. Furthermore, this knowledge could be extended to other crops, enabling the development of more resilient and productive agricultural systems.
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