Screening of Antifouling Biocides Around a Pleasure Boat Marina in the Baltic Sea After Legal Restrictions

Kylin, Henrik; Haglund, Kurt

doi:10.1007/s00128-010-0094-x

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…22 m) than the marina site. 8 Sack is a popular tourist harbor frequented by pleasure boats mostly during the peak of summer (June− August). The fourth site was chosen as a reference station (Figure 1) because unlike the harbor, this site sees little leisure boat traffic due to its close proximity to the open Baltic Proper waters and hence is likely to have little boating-related copper sources compared to the harbor or the marina.…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…at dissolved copper EC50s lower than 160 nM 6 (concentrations typical of estuarine and coastal waters). 7,8 They attributed the discrepancy between measured and BLMpredicted EC-50 to limitations of WHAM (Windermere Humic Aqueous Model), 9 the speciation model used to calculate Cu− DOM interactions in the BLM. Dissolved organic matter contains Cu-complexing ligands spanning a wide range of stability constants with a low concentration of strong ligands or binding sites and a much higher concentration of weaker binding sites.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Model Predictions of Copper Speciation in Coastal Water Compared to Measurements by Analytical Voltammetry

Ndungù

2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Trace metal toxicity to aquatic biota is highly dependent on the metaĺs chemical speciation. Accordingly, metal speciation is being incorporated in to water quality criteria and toxicity regulations using the Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) but there are currently no BLM for biota in marine and estuarine waters. In this study, I compare copper speciation measurements in a typical coastal water made using Competitive ligand exchange-adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (CLE-ACSV) to model calculations using Visual MINTEQ. Both Visual MINTEQ and BLM use similar programs to model copper interactions with dissolved organic matter-DOM (i.e., the Stockholm Humic Model and WHAM-Windermere Humic Aqueous Model, respectively). The total dissolved (<0.4 μm filter) copper concentration, [CuT] in the study sites ranged from <10 nM close to the open Baltic Sea to ca. 50 nM in the vicinity of a marina in the Stockholm Archipelago. The corresponding free copper concentration [Cu2+], measured by CLE-ACSV ranged from 10–13.2 M to 10–12.0 M for the reference and marina sites, respectively, whereas the corresponding [Cu2+] modeled calculations ranged from 10–12.5 M to 10–11.6 M. The low copper to DOM ratios (similar to 0.0004 mg Cu per mg DOC) in these coastal waters ensured that ambient dissolved copper was overwhelmingly chelated to strong Cu–binding ligands (12 < log KCuL1,Cu2+Cond >14). The modeled [Cu2+] could be fitted to the experimental values better after the conditional stability constant for copper binding to fulvic acid (FA) complexes in DOM in the SHM was adjusted to account for higher concentration of strong Cu-binding sites in FA.

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Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model Predictions of Copper Speciation in Coastal Water Compared to Measurements by Analytical Voltammetry

Ndungù

2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Zinc oxide is a common seawater-soluble filler used to help control the polishing rate, especially in yacht paints (Yebra et al 2006;Yebra and Weinell 2009;Lindgren et al 2018). In marinas, it is therefore mainly these two metals, i.e., Cu and Zn, which are released from the paints and consequently contaminate both water and sediments (An and Kampbell 2003;Kylin and Haglund 2010;Briant et al 2013;Boyle et al 2016;Pourabadehei and Mulligan 2016). Changes in water quality through metal contamination have been shown to affect biological systems, leading to changes in the abundance and composition of sessile and mobile organisms (Perrett et al 2006;Dafforn et al 2008) and increased metal content in organism tissues (Johnston et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flawed risk assessment of antifouling paints leads to exceedance of guideline values in Baltic Sea marinas

Lagerström

Ferreira

Ytreberg

et al. 2020

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The seasonal variations of dissolved and bioavailable copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were studied in two recreational marinas in Sweden and Finland. The time series from the two marinas were characterized by rising concentrations during the spring boat launching, elevated concentrations all through the peak boating season, and decreasing concentrations in autumn when boats were retrieved for winter storage. This pattern shows a clear link between Cu and Zn concentrations and boating activity, with antifouling paints as the principal source. The leaching from antifouling paints was also found to significantly alter the speciation of dissolved Cu and Zn in marina waters, with an increase of the proportion of metals that may be considered bioavailable. This change in speciation, which occurred without any change in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), further increases the environmental risk posed by antifouling paints. In the Swedish marina, dissolved Cu and Zn exceed both Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) and Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNEC), indicating that the current Swedish risk assessment (RA) of antifouling paints is failing to adequately protect the marine environment. An evaluation of the RA performance showed the underlying cause to be an underestimation of the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) by factors of 2 and 5 for Cu and Zn, respectively. For both metals, the use of inaccurate release rates for the PEC derivation was found to be either mainly (Cu) or partly (Zn) responsible for the underestimation. For Zn, the largest source of error seems to be the use of an inappropriate partitioning coefficient (K D) in the model. To ensure that the use of antifouling coatings does not adversely impact the sensitive Baltic Sea, it is thus recommended that the K D value for Zn is revised and that representative release rates are used in the RA procedure.

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“…The use of biocide-containing antifouling paints is an environmental issue as they are toxic to non-target organisms (Karlsson et al 2010 ). In harbors and marinas, the leaching of metals from the paints leads to elevated concentrations in the water and accumulation of metals in the sediments (An and Kampbell 2003 ; Warnken et al 2004 ; Schiff et al 2007 ; Eklund et al 2009 ; Turner 2010 ; Kylin and Haglund 2010 ). Recent studies also show that the use of metal-containing antifouling paints contaminates the soil at boatyards (Turner et al 2009 ; Eklund et al 2014 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal contamination at recreational boatyards linked to the use of antifouling paints—investigation of soil and sediment with a field portable XRF

Lagerström

Norling

Eklund

2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The application of a field portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (FPXRF) to measure Cu, Zn, and Pb in soil and sediments at recreational boatyards by Lake Mälaren in Sweden was investigated. Confirmatory chemical analysis on freeze-dried samples shows that, ex situ, the FPXRF produces definitive level data for Cu and Zn and quantitative screening data for Pb, according to USEPA criteria for data quality. Good agreement was also found between the ex situ measurements and the in situ screening. At each of the two studied boatyards, >40 in situ soil measurements were carried out. Statistical differences in soil concentration based on land use were consequently found: the areas used for boat storage and maintenance were significantly higher in Cu and Zn than the areas used for car parking and transportation. The metal pollution in the boat storage areas is therefore shown to be directly linked to hull maintenance activities during which metal-containing antifouling paint particles are shed, end up on the ground, and consequently pollute the soil. In the boat storage areas, the Cu and Zn concentrations often exceeded the national guideline values for soil. In this study, they were also shown to increase with increasing age of the boatyard operation. Pb soil concentrations were only elevated at a few measurement points, reflecting the phasing out of Pb compounds from antifouling products over the past 2 decades. In the surface sediments, concentrations of Cu and Zn were 2–3 times higher compared to deeper levels. No decrease in metal concentration with time was found in the sediments, indicating that boat owners are not complying with the ban of biocide-containing paints in freshwater introduced over 20 years ago.

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Screening of Antifouling Biocides Around a Pleasure Boat Marina in the Baltic Sea After Legal Restrictions

Cited by 11 publications

References 5 publications

Model Predictions of Copper Speciation in Coastal Water Compared to Measurements by Analytical Voltammetry

Model Predictions of Copper Speciation in Coastal Water Compared to Measurements by Analytical Voltammetry

Flawed risk assessment of antifouling paints leads to exceedance of guideline values in Baltic Sea marinas

Metal contamination at recreational boatyards linked to the use of antifouling paints—investigation of soil and sediment with a field portable XRF

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