Screening-level human health risk assessment of toluene and dibutyl phthalate in nail lacquers

Skin Safety and Health Prevention: an Overview of Chemicals in Cosmetic Products

“…Toluene exposure from nail polish application was assumed to occur through both dermal and inhalation routes: a high concentration can cause irritation on the mucosa and skin irritation. It was listed in 1991 under State of California Proposition 65, as a chemical known for causing reproductive toxicity and having adverse effects on the central nervous system [ 52 ].…”

Biological and environmental exposure monitoring of volatile organic compounds among nail technicians in the Greater Boston area

“…Products common to the trade include those used for nail sculpting, as well as nail polishes and polish removers, which contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as toluene, acetone, isopropyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl acetate . Although most of these chemicals are listed as ingredients in safety data sheets (SDS or MSDS), some are not, even if present in significant quantities . Exposure to nail product‐related VOCs may occur through inhalation and dermal contact as technicians prepare, apply, or remove these products, with the highest levels of exposure occurring during acrylic nail sculpting and gel nail polish procedures .…”

“…4,5 Although most of these chemicals are listed as ingredients in safety data sheets (SDS or MSDS), some are not, even if present in significant quantities. 6 Exposure to nail product-related VOCs may occur through inhalation and dermal contact as technicians prepare, apply, or remove these products, 7 with the highest levels of exposure occurring during acrylic nail sculpting and gel nail polish procedures. 8,9 There is also potential for dermal absorption of nail product VOCs by direct contact and permeation through gloves, and to a lesser extent from air.…”

A Noncontact Dibutyl Phthalate Sensor Based on a Wireless-Electrodeless QCM-D Modified with Nano-Structured Nickel Hydroxide

“…As air is an important medium for DBP to enter human bodies, a lot of research has assessed the concentration of DBP in indoor air (1269–7104 ng/m 3 ), indoor dust (4.4–2300 mg/kg) and ambient air (PM 2.5 associated 8.72 μg/m 3 , PM 10 -associated 12.90 μg/m 3 ) [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. In the Proposition 65, the maximum allowable dose levels (MADL) for DBP is 8.7 μg/day [ 9 ], which means if breathing contains 10% of the DBP intake, the concentration of the DBP vapor in the air should be lower than 0.087 μg/m 3 (6.8 ppb) to ensure safety.…”