Screening for Soil Toxicity and Mutagenicity Using Luminescent Bacteria—A Case Study of the Explosive 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT)

Frische, Tobias

doi:10.1006/eesa.2001.2124

Cited by 55 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The majority of data on the genotoxicity of these compounds comes from bacterial mutagenicity tests, and TNT, as well as the dinitrotoluols, produce positive results in these assays [Tokiwa et al, 1981;Mirsalis et al, 1982;Spanggord et al, 1982;Höring et al, 1994;Frische, 2002]. There is also evidence that some nitro-explosives cause cancer in rodents; for example, 2,4-DNT induces tumors in mice [Thierfelder et al, 1996].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotoxicity of nitrosulfonic acids, nitrobenzoic acids, and nitrobenzylalcohols, pollutants commonly found in ground water near ammunition facilities

Grummt

Wunderlich

Chakraborty³

et al. 2006

Environ. Mol. Mutagen.

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2-Amino-4,6-dinitrobenzoic acid (2-A-4,6-DNBA), 4-amino-2,6-dinitrobenzoic acid (4-A-2,6-DNBA), 2,4,6-trinitrobenzoic acid (2,4,6-TNBA), 2-amino-4, 6-dinitrobenzylalcohol (2-A-4,6-DNBAlc), 4-amino-2,6-dinitrobenzylalcohol (4-A-2,6-DNBAlc), 2,4-dinitrotoluol-5-sulfonic acid (2,4-DNT-5-SA), 2,4-dinitrotoluol-3-sulfonic acid (2,4-DNT-3-SA), and 2, 4-dinitrobenzoic acid (2,4-DNBA) are derivatives of nitro-explosives that have been detected in groundwater close to munitions facilities. In the present study, the genotoxicity of these compounds was evaluated in Salmonella/microsome assays (in strains TA100 and TA98, with and without S9 and in TA98NR without S9), in chromosomal aberration (CA) tests with Chinese hamster fibroblasts (V79), and in micronucleus (MN) assays with human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. All compounds except the sulfonic acids were positive in the bacterial mutagenicity tests, with 2,4,6-TNBA producing the strongest response (8023 revertants/micromol in TA98 without S9 activation). 2-A-4,6-DNBA was a direct acting mutagen in TA98, but negative in TA100. The other positive compounds were approximately 1-3 orders of magnitude less mutagenic than 2,4,6-TNBA in TA98 and in TA100; relatively strong effects ( approximately 50-400 revertants/micromol) were produced by the benzylacohols in the two indicator strains. With the exception of 2,4-DNBA, the mutagenic responses were lower in the nitroreductase-deficient strain TA98NR than in the parental strain. 2,4-DNBA produced a marginally positive response in the V79-cell CA assay; the other substances were devoid of activity. Only the benzoic acids were tested for MN induction in HepG2 cells, and all produced positive responses. As in the bacterial assays, the strongest effect was seen with 2,4,6-TNBA (significant induction at >or=1.9 microM). 4-A-2,6-DNBA was positive at 432 microM; the weakest effect was observed with 2,4,-DNBA (positive at >or=920 microM). The differences in the sensitivity of the indicator cells to these agents can be explained by differences in the activities of enzymes involved in the activation of the compounds. The strong responses produced by some of the compounds in the human-derived cells suggest that environmental exposure to these breakdown products of nitro-explosives may pose a cancer risk in man.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotoxicity of nitrosulfonic acids, nitrobenzoic acids, and nitrobenzylalcohols, pollutants commonly found in ground water near ammunition facilities

Grummt

Wunderlich

Chakraborty³

et al. 2006

Environ. Mol. Mutagen.

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“…Others have also noted the toxic effect of TNT on micro-organisms (Yinon 1990;Honeycutt et al 1996;Dave et al 2000;Frische 2002;Steevens et al 2002) and it is possible that use of surfactant increases the apparent solubility of TNT, accentuating the inhibitory effects of high TNT concentrations on the culture, thereby retarding TNT transformation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trinitrotoluene removal in a soil slurry and soil box systems by an oil-degrading mixed bacterial culture

Popesku

Singh

El-Alawi

et al. 2006

World J Microbiol Biotechnol

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Bioremediation of trinitrotoluene (TNT)-contaminated soil has proven difficult due to the low bioavailability of the contaminant and its resistance to biocatalytic attack, causing slow rates of biodegradation. We have previously described a mixed bacterial culture acclimated and maintained on crude oil-containing medium that is capable of high rates of TNT biotransformation activity with low production of metabolites. We investigated the ability of this culture to bioremediate TNT-spiked soil and artificially weathered soil slurry systems, as well as a soil box system. The culture was able to remove up to 302 ppm (mg/l) of TNT within 24 h in a spiked-soil slurry system, which is among the highest rates of TNT removal reported to date. The toxicity of artificially weathered TNT-spiked soil to Vibrio fischeri decreased over a period of 39 h from a 15-min EC 50 of 15.7 to 32.5 ppm. Preliminary results of a soil box system, in which no agitation was used, showed similar TNT removal to the soil slurry system, with 100 ppm TNT being removed within 24 h.

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“…TNT와 RDX는 각각 nitroaromatic과 nitramine 계열의 화약물질을 대표하는 오염물질로 (Tan et al, 1992;Li et al, 1997;Sunahara et al, 1998) (Li et al, 1997;Mark and John, 1998;Gong et al, 1999;Frische, 2002).…”

Section: Tnt와 Rdxunclassified

The Toxicity Assessment of Explosives Contaminated Soil using Soil Microbial Activity Tests

Kim¹,

Jung²,

Nam³

2015

Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment

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This study was conducted to determine the toxic effect of TNT and RDX on indigenous soil microbes by measuring enzymatic activity. Denitrification activity, dehydrogenase activity, phosphatase activity, and fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activity were determined for military firing range, field, and paddy soils exposed to TNT, and RDX from 0 to 1,000 mg/kg and 0 to 4,000 mg/kg, respectively, for 2, 4, and 8 weeks. Soil microbial enzymatic activities decreased with higher TNT and RDX concentration and longer exposure time. Microbial enzymatic activities of firing range soil were higher than field and paddy soils, indicating that indigenous microbes in firing range might have been adapted to TNT and RDX due to pre-exposure of the explosives. In addition, the toxicity of TNT and RDX decreased with higher organic matter because TNT and RDX tend to absorb to soil organic matter. No Observable Effect Concentration (NOEC) values of each microbial enzymatic activity were derived by the geometric mean of NOECs from exposure times (2, 4, and 8 weeks) and soil types (firing range, field, paddy soil). The derived NOECs ranged from 45.3 to 55.2 mg/kg for TNT and 286 to 309 mg/kg for RDX.

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Screening for Soil Toxicity and Mutagenicity Using Luminescent Bacteria—A Case Study of the Explosive 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT)

Cited by 55 publications

References 38 publications

Genotoxicity of nitrosulfonic acids, nitrobenzoic acids, and nitrobenzylalcohols, pollutants commonly found in ground water near ammunition facilities

Genotoxicity of nitrosulfonic acids, nitrobenzoic acids, and nitrobenzylalcohols, pollutants commonly found in ground water near ammunition facilities

Trinitrotoluene removal in a soil slurry and soil box systems by an oil-degrading mixed bacterial culture

The Toxicity Assessment of Explosives Contaminated Soil using Soil Microbial Activity Tests

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