Screening for Depression Levels among Adult Female Resident at King Faisal National Guard Residential City in Jeddah (KFNGRCJ), From 18 Years Old and More, 2016
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Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors among Adults in Saudi Arabia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2000-2022)
Introduction. Depressive disorders are the leading causes of disability and disease burden worldwide. They were ranked fifth among the top causes of death and disability in Saudi Arabia, with subsequent impacts on productivity and economics when affecting adults. Objectives. The study aimed to systematically investigate the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among Saudi adults during 2000-2022. Methods. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines using Medline/PubMed, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and Ovid databases during 2000-2022 with predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of the included papers was determined, and heterogeneity between studies was assessed using the Q statistic to estimate the I 2 value. A random effects model was used to drive the pooled depression prevalence with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A forest plot was generated to show estimates for individual studies. Publication bias was assessed visually with the funnel plots symmetry and Egger’s test ( p < 0.05 ). A sensitivity analysis was conducted to explore the effect of individual studies on the overall prevalence estimate. A subgroup analysis by the study, population characteristics, and depression tools were also run. Results. Forty-six cross-sectional relevant studies were identified, including 25814 participants. The pooled depression prevalence was 37.35% (95% CI: 33.61–41.98%) with high heterogeneity ( I 2 = 94.8 %, p < 0.001 ). In the subgroup analysis, the prevalence estimates were higher among females (34.5%), the singles (49.5%), undergraduate university students in university settings (47.7%), northern region (62.3%), and studies that utilized the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale (58.8%). Among the risk factors significantly associated with depression were female gender, being single, low education level, financial problems, poor housing condition, having medical problems, sleep disorders, presence of psychiatric/psychological conditions, life events, lack of social support, exposure to stress, educational/personal problems, and smartphone addiction. Conclusion. Almost more than one-third of Saudi adults had depression. Appropriate surveillance, early interventions, and depression management strategies are needed to decrease the prevalence and its consequences among adults.
Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors among Adults in Saudi Arabia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2000-2022)
Introduction. Depressive disorders are the leading causes of disability and disease burden worldwide. They were ranked fifth among the top causes of death and disability in Saudi Arabia, with subsequent impacts on productivity and economics when affecting adults. Objectives. The study aimed to systematically investigate the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among Saudi adults during 2000-2022. Methods. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines using Medline/PubMed, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and Ovid databases during 2000-2022 with predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of the included papers was determined, and heterogeneity between studies was assessed using the Q statistic to estimate the I 2 value. A random effects model was used to drive the pooled depression prevalence with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A forest plot was generated to show estimates for individual studies. Publication bias was assessed visually with the funnel plots symmetry and Egger’s test ( p < 0.05 ). A sensitivity analysis was conducted to explore the effect of individual studies on the overall prevalence estimate. A subgroup analysis by the study, population characteristics, and depression tools were also run. Results. Forty-six cross-sectional relevant studies were identified, including 25814 participants. The pooled depression prevalence was 37.35% (95% CI: 33.61–41.98%) with high heterogeneity ( I 2 = 94.8 %, p < 0.001 ). In the subgroup analysis, the prevalence estimates were higher among females (34.5%), the singles (49.5%), undergraduate university students in university settings (47.7%), northern region (62.3%), and studies that utilized the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale (58.8%). Among the risk factors significantly associated with depression were female gender, being single, low education level, financial problems, poor housing condition, having medical problems, sleep disorders, presence of psychiatric/psychological conditions, life events, lack of social support, exposure to stress, educational/personal problems, and smartphone addiction. Conclusion. Almost more than one-third of Saudi adults had depression. Appropriate surveillance, early interventions, and depression management strategies are needed to decrease the prevalence and its consequences among adults.
Drug safety is an important health concern for every individual on medications. Pharmacovigilance programme focuses on the reporting, evaluation and prevention of any adverse drug reactions and needs the equal support from every stakeholder that includes health care professionals, pharmacists and public patients as well. Public participation for reporting Adverse Drug Reactions [ADR] is quite low in developing country, India. Therefore, this study was planned with objective to evaluate awareness and perception about drug safety practice and adverse drug reactions reporting system among the lay population. A validated and ethics committee approved questionnaire was distributed to consenting participants residing in the Mumbai region by reaching to the lay public through the community centers and the responses were collected from year 2019 to 2021 to assess awareness and understanding about drug safety and adverse drug reaction reporting among lay public. A total of 1876 questionnaires were collected with a response rate of 75%. 86.7% of the participants believed drugs can have both benefit and adverse effects. 62.41% participants were unaware of any common drug related side effects. Only 8.04% of the public were aware of adverse drug reactions and reporting same to adverse event Monitoring Centre and 98.3% participants never heard of adverse event monitoring center. 66.57% participants learnt about the Pharmacovigilance program through our survey. Also, it was the patient asking the doctor about potential drug related side effects [37.58%] rather than the other way round [24%]. Although the educational survey created awareness among all participants, a greater impact was seen among the younger generation [18-30 years’ age group] irrespective of their literacy status [p<0.001]. We concluded that the Pharmacovigilance program of any nation needs health care professionals to sensitize the lay public to participate in ADR reporting thereby promote patient safety.
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