Screening for cervical cancer

Beining, Robin Marie

doi:10.17077/etd.53wnjugw

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Previous studies have reported similar findings. 29 , 30 , 52 This study further revealed that 97% of the respondents could not afford the cost of Pap smears as it is not covered by the National Health Insurance Scheme.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

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Knowledge, practice, and barriers toward cervical cancer screening in Elmina, Southern Ghana

Enyan

Mupepi²,

Siakwa

et al. 2014

IJWH

133

162

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AimsThe aims of this study were: 1) to assess the level of knowledge of women about Pap smear tests, 2) to determine the practices of women regarding Pap smear tests, and 3) to determine the barriers to Pap smear tests in Elmina, Ghana.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted with 392 randomly selected sexually active females aged 10–74 years using structured interview questions. The Institutional Review Board of the University of Cape Coast gave ethical approval for the study and informed consent was obtained from participants. Data were analyzed with SPSS software (v19.0) using frequencies, chi-square test, and exploratory factor analysis.ResultsThe results revealed that 68.4% had never heard about cervical cancer, 93.6% had no knowledge on the risk factors, nine (2.3%) reported multiple sexual partners and being sexually active as risk factors, and 92% did not know about the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer. The majority (97.7%) had never heard of the Pap smear test. Only three (0.8%) women out of 392 had had a Pap smear test. Reasons for seeking a Pap smear test included referral, fear of cervical cancer, and radio campaigns. A significant association was found between institutional and personal barriers and having a Pap smear test.ConclusionComprehensive education on cervical cancer screening and removal of access barriers are critical in reducing risk associated with the disease and promoting women’s health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Opportunistic screening in health facilities could be encouraged to improve screening uptake, especially in women within the lower socioeconomic groups. 13 – 30 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge, practice, and barriers toward cervical cancer screening in Elmina, Southern Ghana

Enyan

Mupepi²,

Siakwa

et al. 2014

IJWH

133

162

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“…Previous studies found cost of cervical cancer screening to be a critical barrier to screening [ 50 – 53 ], if women perceived the cost to be high. One previous study reported that women may be willing to have cervical cancer screening if employers pay for the cost of screening [ 54 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-demographic characteristics influencing cervical cancer screening intention of HIV-positive women in the central region of Ghana

Enyan

2018

gynaecol oncol res pract

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BackgroundThe burden of HIV and cervical cancer is concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa. Women with HIV are more likely to have persistent HPV infection leading to cervical abnormalities and cancer. Cervical cancer screening seems to be the single most critical intervention in any efforts to prevent cervical cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the socio-demographic factors influencing intention to seek cervical cancer screening by HIV-positive women in the Central Region of Ghana.MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study involving a convenience sample of 660 HIV-positive women aged 20 to 65 years receiving antiretroviral therapy in HIV care centres in the Central Region of Ghana was conducted using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The data were summarised and analysed using frequencies, percentages and binary logistic regression.ResultsThe study revealed that 82.0% of HIV-positive women intended to obtain cervical cancer screening. Level of education was a determinant of cervical cancer screening intention. HIV-positive women with low levels of education were 2.67 times (95% CI, 1.61–4.42) more likely to have intention to screen than those with no formal education. Those with high levels of education were 3.16 times (95% CI, 1.42–7.02) more likely to have intention to screen than those with no formal education. However, age, religion, marital status, employment status, and ability to afford the cost of cervical cancer screening were not determinants of intention to screen.ConclusionsEducation of women of all ages needs to be a priority, as it could enable them to adopt appropriate health behaviours and engage in cervical cancer screening. Additionally, interventions to improve understanding of cervical cancer screening among HIV-positive women are highly recommended. These include health education about the disease and availability of screening options in HIV/AIDS care centres.

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“…Screening is defined as “the systematic application of a test or an inquiry to identify individuals at sufficient risk of a specific disorder to warrant further investigation or direct preventive action among persons who have not sought medical attention on account of symptoms of that disorder [ 10 ]. On the other hand, screening uptake refers to the proportion of persons eligible to be screened within a population who have been both invited for screening and have received an adequate screening during a specified period [ 11 ]. Experience from the developed world shows that effective population-based screening programmes can easily reduce the incidence of cervical and breast cancers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Employed females are more inclined to go for screening because of their higher opportunity cost, higher incomes, and ability to afford out-of-pocket expenditure [ 16 ]. On the other hand, rural women are less likely than urban women to go for cervical and breast screening [ 11 , 17 , 18 ]. Studies of breast and cervical screening show that women with greater access to health care, such as those with health insurance, are opting to have screening tests [ 16 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An epidemiological study of cervical and breast screening in India: district-level analysis

Mônica

Mishra

2020

BMC Women's Health

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Background Breast cancer and cervical cancer, the most common forms of cancer in women worldwide, are on a fast and steady rise, accounting for more deaths in women than any other cancer in the developing world. Cancer screening tests are an important tool to combat cancer-related morbidity and mortality. World Health Organization aims to accelerate action to achieve Goal 3.4 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 3.4) in order to reduce premature mortality from non-communicable disease, including cancer by one-third by 2030. This study aims to examine the geospatial variation of cervical and breast screening across districts and to identify factors that contribute to the utilization of screening among women in India. Methods Until recently, there was no evidence pertaining to screening for cervical and breast cancers at the national level. Information on examination of the breast and cervix from over 699,000 women aged 15–49 years was collected for the first time in the fourth round of National Family Health Survey, 2015–16 (NFHS-4). For the present study, the data were aggregated for all 640 districts in India. Moran’s Index was calculated to check for spatial autocorrelation. Univariate Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) maps were plotted to look for spatial dependence associated with the uptake of screening practices. The spatial error model was employed to check for spatial magnitude and direction. Results The common factors associated with uptake of both cervical and breast screening at the district level were; women belonging to a general caste, residing in rural areas, being currently married, and being well-off economically. Being insured was positively associated with the uptake of cervical screening only. This study provides spatial inference by showing geographical variations in screening of cervix and breast across districts of India. Conclusions By showing geographical disparities in screening practices across districts of India, this study highlights the importance of ensuring a region-specific and organ-specific approach towards control and prevention of cancer. The identified factors responsible for the uptake of screening could be a guiding force to decide how and where tailored interventions may be best targeted.

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Screening for cervical cancer

Cited by 7 publications

References 100 publications

Knowledge, practice, and barriers toward cervical cancer screening in Elmina, Southern Ghana

Knowledge, practice, and barriers toward cervical cancer screening in Elmina, Southern Ghana

Socio-demographic characteristics influencing cervical cancer screening intention of HIV-positive women in the central region of Ghana

An epidemiological study of cervical and breast screening in India: district-level analysis

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