Screening Depressive Disorders With Tree-Drawing Test

Gu, Shanqiang; Liu, Yige; Liang, Fei; Feng, Rou; Li, Yawen; Guo-rui, Liu; Gao, Mengdan; Wang, Fushun; Huang, Jason H.

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01446

Cited by 17 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…This study suggests that there may be three prototypical basic emotions (joy, fear, and disgust), which is consistent with our hypothesis about the “three primary color model” of basic emotions [ 24 , 25 ]. In our previous model, we suggested that there are three primary basic emotions, and these prototypical emotions are joy, fear, and disgust, which are subsided by monoamines and peptides: dopamine-joy (peptide-reward), norepinephrine-fear (anger), and serotonin-disgust (sadness).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The reactions are too fast to be consciously perceived. This may be the reason for James-Lange theory of emotion that “we are sad because we cried; we are scared because we run” [ 25 ]. Fear, in particular, can impact survivability only if it occurs promptly.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Or emotions can be induced by reactions at different stages from Sensation–Opinion (automatic perception)–Reactions (automatic physiological changes and behavioral reactions) (S-O-R) ( Figure 5 ). James and Lange suggested that the perception of these bodily changes is what is called an emotion [ 25 ]. Of note, a sense or perception in and of itself is not an emotion; only if the sensation results in an inherent appraisal that triggers physiological changes and behavioral reactions is an emotion [ 28 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sixth, prototypical emotions can be shared with animals . Plutchick (1980) suggested that humans and all other mammals have the same basic emotions [ 25 ]. Levenson proposed two emotional systems; one is largely hard-wired and nonmodifiable in response to experience; the other is exquisitely sensitive to learning.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Behaviorists tried to study behaviors using emotion-induced physiological changes such as saliva in Palov's dog and other behavior changes by Skinner's pigeon at a reward or punishment. The behaviorists used three kinds of unconditional stimuli: reward (food) , punishment (electricity) , and toxic fluid (quinine) [ 25 ], which might be similar to the three prototypical emotions (joy , fear , and disgust) . Therefore, our hypothesis suggests that animal emotions (at least lower level animals , such as invertebrate animals) consist of just the prototypical emotions, while human emotions can also include subjective feelings ( Figure 5 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neurotransmitters and Electrophysiological Changes Might Work as Biomarkers for Diagnosing Affective Disorders

Liang

Feng

et al. 2021

Disease Markers

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Affective disorders are the leading causes of human disability worldwide; however, the diagnosis is still hard to define, because emotion is the least study subjects in psychology. Recent emotional studies suggest that human emotions are developed from basic emotions, which are evolved for fundamental human lives. Even though most psychologists agree upon the idea that there are some basic emotions, there is little agreement on how many emotions are basic, which emotions are basic, and why they are basic. In our previous papers, we suggested that there are three basic emotions: joy, fear, and disgust. These basic emotions depend on the peptides and monoamines: dopamine-joy (peptides-reward), norepinephrine-fear (anger), and serotonin-disgust (sadness). Further tests with event-related potentials (ERP) found that joy, fear, and disgust showed the fastest response compared with other emotions, suggesting that they are fast automatic responses, which confirmed that these three emotions are prototypical emotions. Other basic emotions, anger and sadness, are due to object induced behaviors instead of sensation of object, so they developed secondary to prototypical emotions. Thus, we concluded that only joy, fear, and disgust are prototypical emotions, which can mix into other emotions, like the primary colors. In all, the neural substrates for all emotions, including the affections, are possibly monoamine neuromodulators: joy-dopamine (peptides), fear (anger)–norepinephrine, and disgust-serotonin. We hope these basic emotional studies will offer some neural mechanisms for emotional processing and shed lights on the diagnosis of affective disorders.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%