“…SEADs (Figure 1) consist of 3 major compo nents: (1) an electrochemical sensor, (2) a wireless potentiostat, and (3) smartphone com munication and connection technology. The electrochemical sensors are fabricated and modified by nanomaterials to detect specific heavy metal ions from redox reactions, involving electrons transferred between electrodes in an electrolyte [18,19], and are remarkable for their high precision, selectivity, and sensitivity. Electrochemical sensors make sophisticated laboratory experiments simple, rapid, economical, portable, and user-friendly.…”