“…The friction factor is incorporated to predict relative pressure drops. In addition, various insert structures such as metallic foams, wire mesh, and packed beds all feature different behaviors depending on the flow Reynolds number, thereby being useful for different types of applications ( Ref 1,4,5,13,14). For example, metal foam heat exchangers (MFHE) have been used extensively in cryogenics, power generation and many other fields requiring high heat load removal ( Ref 1,5).…”