“Scratch it out”: carbon copy based paper devices for microbial assays and liver disease diagnosis

Hasandka, Amrutha; Prabhu, Anusha; Prabhu, Akshata; Singhal, Hardik Ramesh; Nandagopal, M. S. Giri; Shenoy, Revathi P; Mani, Naresh Kumar

doi:10.1039/d1ay00764e

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Sometimes, carbon copy is also used to prepare a hydrophobic barrier in microfluidic device for biomolecule detection. 49 Instead of these chemicals being used, a stainless-steel stamp could be prepared with certain weight to make mechanically compressed barriers, which would control the liquid flow through the cellulose membrane by limiting the free mixing or holding the liquid for a while to complete the reaction, resulting in low-cost detection in resource-limited settings. Mechanically compressed barriers improve LFA sensitivity, and this concept has been validated to detect COVID-19.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Usually, to prevent liquid mixing in multiplex detection devices in DIY approaches, hydrophobic materials such as photolithography, − stamping, and/or other chemical modifications are being used. Sometimes, carbon copy is also used to prepare a hydrophobic barrier in microfluidic device for biomolecule detection . Instead of these chemicals being used, a stainless-steel stamp could be prepared with certain weight to make mechanically compressed barriers, which would control the liquid flow through the cellulose membrane by limiting the free mixing or holding the liquid for a while to complete the reaction, resulting in low-cost detection in resource-limited settings.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanically Compressed Barriers Improve Paper-Based Lateral Flow Assay Sensitivity for COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Detection

Alam,

Tong,

et al. 2023

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Rapid testing devices with cellulose membranebased lateral flow assay (LFA) could play a significant role due to their immense advantageous features to prevent and control infectious diseases like COVID-19. Compared to lab-based testing, it still lags behind due to its lower sensitivity. Herein, to increase the LFA sensitivity, barriers were designed and developed in such a way that there is a gradual increase and decrease of sample flow along with conjugated gold nanoparticles and the flow rate distribution is controlled across the thickness of the cellulose membrane-based LFA device. Finally, the barriers enhance reaction time, resulting in improved sensitivity. The two barriers, one between the conjugate pad and test zone and the other between the test and control zones, improve the detection limit from 2.0 (control or unmodified LFA device) to 0.5 nM, indicating 4-fold higher sensitivity. No additional chemicals or materials are added. ORF1ab nucleic acid of COVID-19 was used as the model target to demonstrate the concept. The stability analysis also supports the potential use of the same concept in other cellulose membrane-based platforms including point-of-care, do-it-yourselfbased microfluidics paper-based analytical devices and environment monitoring purposes.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanically Compressed Barriers Improve Paper-Based Lateral Flow Assay Sensitivity for COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Detection

Alam,

Tong,

et al. 2023

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…In resource-constrained settings, distance-based nucleic acid assays using microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPAD) and other cellulose-based assays [60][61][62][63][64][65][66] offer great potential for the rapid and early diagnosis of diseases and detecting analytes. These devices measure the distance as a digital readout to quantify the concentration of nucleic acids.…”

Section: Distance-based Assaymentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA compaction enhances the sensitivity of fluorescence-based nucleic acid assays: a game changer in point of care sensors?

Sudarsan

Prabhu

Prasad

et al. 2023

Analyst

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“…Facile fabrication can also possibly extend to localizing the production of analytical devices in the communities in which they are needed the most, by focusing on the do-it-yourself(DIY) aspect of fabrication [ 43 , 120 , 121 ]. This can be facilitated by developing techniques that use off-the-shelf materials such as pens [ 122 ], stamps [ 123 ], and general-purpose stationery [ 124 , 125 ] for fabrication which can be easily done by hand or easily automated.…”

Section: Future Trends and Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paper and thread as media for the frugal detection of urinary tract infections (UTIs)

et al. 2021

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) make up a significant proportion of the global burden of disease in vulnerable groups and tend to substantially impair the quality of life of those affected, making timely detection of UTIs a priority for public health. However, economic and societal barriers drastically reduce accessibility of traditional lab-based testing methods for critical patient groups in low-resource areas, negatively affecting their overall healthcare outcomes. As a result, cellulose-based materials such as paper and thread have garnered significant interest among researchers as substrates for so-called frugal analytical devices which leverage the material’s portability and adaptability for facile and reproducible diagnoses of UTIs. Although the field may be only in its infancy, strategies aimed at commercial penetration can appreciably increase access to more healthcare options for at-risk people. In this review, we catalogue recent advances in devices that use cellulose-based materials as the primary housing or medium for UTI detection and chart out trends in the field. We also explore different modalities employed for detection, with particular emphasis on their ability to be ported onto discreet casings such as sanitary products. Graphical abstract

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“Scratch it out”: carbon copy based paper devices for microbial assays and liver disease diagnosis

Abstract: We present a facile paper-based microfluidic device fabrication technique leveraging off-the-shelf carbon paper for the deposition of hydrophobic barriers using a novel “stencil scratching” method. This exceedingly frugal approach (0.05$)...

Cited by 18 publications

References 50 publications

Mechanically Compressed Barriers Improve Paper-Based Lateral Flow Assay Sensitivity for COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Detection

Mechanically Compressed Barriers Improve Paper-Based Lateral Flow Assay Sensitivity for COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Detection

DNA compaction enhances the sensitivity of fluorescence-based nucleic acid assays: a game changer in point of care sensors?

Paper and thread as media for the frugal detection of urinary tract infections (UTIs)

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