ZnO nanoparticles produced in the culture supernatant of Bacillus thuringiensis ser. israelensis affect the demographic parameters of Musca domestica using the age‐stage, two‐sex life table

Abstract

BACKGROUND Indiscriminate use of broad‐spectrum insecticides can have deleterious effects on insects and the environment. The use of nanoparticles synthesized from microbes has recently gained importance as a safe alternative to conventional insecticides. Recently, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles synthesized using Bacillus thuringiensis have shown insecticidal potential; however, in addition to its acute toxicity, it is necessary to determine possible sublethal effects at the organismal level to understand the toxicity of a new insecticide. Bt‐derived enzymes such as nitrate reductase and other biomolecules play a vital role in the reduction of metal ions to metal nanoparticles. Here, we assessed the acute toxicity and sublethal effects of ZnO nanoparticles produced in the culture supernatant of B. thuringiensis ser. israelensis (Bti) as a reducing agent on the biological traits of Musca domestica. RESULTS Concentration–response larval bioassays using different concentrations of ZnO‐Bti‐supernatant nanoparticles revealed LC10, LC20, LC50 and LC90 values of 4.17, 6.11, 12.73 and 38.90 μg g−1 of larval diet, respectively. Exposure of M. domestica larvae to two concentrations (LC10 and LC20) resulted in a lengthened developmental time (egg to adult) and preoviposition period, and reduced fecundity, survival, longevity and oviposition period. Furthermore, population parameters including net reproductive rate, mean generation time, age‐specific survival rate, fecundity, life expectancy and reproductive values, analyzed following age‐stage and two‐sex life table theory, were significantly decreased after exposure to these concentrations of ZnO‐Bti‐supernatant nanoparticles compared with the control. CONCLUSION ZnO‐Bti‐supernatant nanoparticles were shown to be toxic to M. domestica. Exposure of M. domestica to low concentrations of ZnO‐Bti‐supernatant nanoparticles resulted in negative transgenerational effects on progeny production in this fly. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Lethal, Sub-Lethal and Trans-Generational Effects of Chlorantraniliprole on Biological Parameters, Demographic Traits, and Fitness Costs of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

“…Using a two-sex life table, sub-lethal effects of spinetroam against S. frugiperda growth and fecundity were determined [ 50 ]. Similarly, Iqbal et al [ 51 ] used an age-stage, two-sex life table to investigate the impact that zinc oxide generated in the culture supernatant of B. thuringiensis had on the demographic characteristics of Musca domestica . Likewise, an age-stage, two-sex life table analysis was used to assess the predatory functional response and fitness characteristics of Orius strigicollis Poppius-fed Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum [ 52 ].…”

Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Cyromazine on the Biology of Musca domestica Based on the Age–Stage, Two-Sex Life Table Theory

“…Insect pests under field conditions are usually exposed to insecticides either directly, mainly during insecticidal applications, and/or indirectly, such as sublethal exposures due to residues of insecticides after insecticidal applications [ 31 ]. Sublethal exposures either result in insect pest suppression or make them resistant, which often results in their resurgence [ 56 ].…”

“…The lethal and sublethal effects of cyromazine on several biological parameters such as fecundity, egg hatching, development of immature stages, adult eclosion, and longevity of different stages were studied following well-established methodologies [ 30 , 31 ] with a few necessary modifications. Three concentrations of cyromazine viz., LC 50 = 0.14 μg/g, LC 25 = 0.06 μg/g, and LC 10 = 0.03 μg/g, were selected from the results of the toxicity assessment experiment (see Section 3 ) in order to assess their impact on the biology of M. domestica .…”

“…In order to study fecundity, all females developed from the hatched eggs were paired with males from the respective treatment (one pair in one small cage) to see their fecundity until mortality. All the experiments were performed under laboratory conditions of 12:12 h (light: dark) photoperiod, 65 ± 5% relative humidity, and 26 ± 2 °C [ 31 ].…”

Lack of fitness costs associated with resistance to permethrin in Musca domestica

“…Biological traits and population parameters of M. domestica strains were studied following the methodology described in our previous reports 34 , 35 . In order to harvest fresh eggs, ten pairs of adult male and female M. domestica (less than 1-day-old) of Perm-S, Perm-F or Perm-R were kept separately in wooden-screen cages (23 × 23 × 37 cm).…”