<scp>SARS</scp>
            ‐CoV‐2, bacterial co‐infections, and
            <scp>AMR</scp>
            : the deadly trio in
            <scp>COVID</scp>
            ‐19?

Bengoechea, José A.; Bamford, Connor

doi:10.15252/emmm.202012560

Cited by 191 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 23 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

132

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The H5N1 microRNA increases cytokine production and mouse mortality by blocking PCBP2 which is a suppressor of RIG-1/MAVS (Li et al, 2018b). SARS-CoV and other respiratory viruses have similar non-structural proteins involved in modulating interferon and other innate host responses (Liu et al, 2014;Bengoechea and Bamford, 2020).…”

Section: Viral Factors Leading To Severe Iav Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is not fully clear yet the extent to which these similar factors result in bacterial superinfection in severe COVID-19 patients. Although not highlighted in initial studies it appears that bacterial superinfections due occur in COVID-19 (Bengoechea and Bamford, 2020;Cucchiari et al, 2020;Somers et al, 2020). The risk of this was found to be increased by use of Tocilizumab (IL-6 blocker) in ventilated COVID-19 patients from 26 to 54% of patients, despite apparent overall benefit of the treatment (Somers et al, 2020).…”

Section: Evidence That Myeloid Cells Can Be Both Helpful and Harmfulmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Innate Immunity and Influenza A Virus Pathogenesis: Lessons for COVID-19

Hartshorn

2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

There is abundant evidence that the innate immune response to influenza A virus (IAV) is highly complex and plays a key role in protection against IAV induced infection and illness. Unfortunately it also clear that aspects of innate immunity can lead to severe morbidity or mortality from IAV, including inflammatory lung injury, bacterial superinfection, and exacerbation of reactive airways disease. We review broadly the virus and host factors that result in adverse outcomes from IAV and show evidence that inflammatory responses can become damaging even apart from changes in viral replication per se, with special focus on the positive and adverse effects of neutrophils and monocytes. We then evaluate in detail the role of soluble innate inhibitors including surfactant protein D and antimicrobial peptides that have a potential dual capacity for down-regulating viral replication and also inhibiting excessive inflammatory responses and how these innate host factors could possibly be harnessed to treat IAV infection. Where appropriate we draw comparisons and contrasts the SARS-CoV viruses and IAV in an effort to point out where the extensive knowledge existing regarding severe IAV infection could help guide research into severe COVID 19 illness or vice versa.

show abstract

Section: Viral Factors Leading To Severe Iav Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evidence That Myeloid Cells Can Be Both Helpful and Harmfulmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate Immunity and Influenza A Virus Pathogenesis: Lessons for COVID-19

Hartshorn

2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Therefore, the need for antibiotic treatment should be promptly evaluated and discontinued when not appropriate. 20 Nevertheless, there is a lack of studies conducted in Egypt to characterize the disease and predict its severity. Therefore, we aimed in this study to demonstrate the clinical, laboratory, radiological characteristics, and the predictors of severity of COVID-19 infection at the initial diagnosis of the disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Predictors of Severity and Co-Infection Resistance Profile in COVID-19 Patients: First Report from Upper Egypt</p>

Ramadan¹,

Mahmoud²,

Aburahma³

et al. 2020

IDR

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: The emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) resulted in a worldwide devastating effect with a diagnostic challenge. Identifying risk factors of severity aids in assessment for the need of early hospitalization. We aimed to demonstrate, for the first time, the clinical, laboratory and radiological characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, to identify the predictors of severity and to describe the antimicrobial resistance profile in patients from Upper Egypt. Materials and Methods: Demographic characters, clinical presentations, laboratory, and radiological data were recorded and analyzed. Presence of other respiratory microorganisms and their sensitivity patterns were identified using the VITEK2 system. Resistance-associated genes were tested by PCR. Results: The study included 260 COVID-19 patients. The majority were males (55.4%) aged between 51 and 70 years. Hypertension, diabetes, and ischemic heart disease were common comorbidities. Main clinical manifestations were fever (63.8%), cough (57.7%), dyspnea (40%) and fatigue (30%). According to severity, 51.5% were moderate, 25.4% mild and 23% severe/critical. Lymphopenia, elevated CRP, ferritin, and D-dimer occurred in all patients with significantly higher value in the severe group. Age >53 years and elevated ferritin ≥484 ng/mL were significant risk factors for severity. About 10.7% of the COVID-19 patients showed bacterial and/or fungal infections. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Staphylococcus aureus were the predominant isolated bacteria while Candida albicans and Candida glabrata were the predominant isolated fungi. All Staphylococci were methicillin-resistant and carried the mecA gene. Gram-negative isolates were multidrug-resistant and carried different resistance-associated genes, including NDM-1, KPC, TEM, CTX-M, and SHV. Conclusion: Older age and elevated serum ferritin were significant risk factors for severe COVID-19. Bacterial co-infection and multidrug resistance among patients with COVID-19 in Upper Egypt is common. Testing for presence of other co-infecting agents should be considered, and prompt treatment should be carried out according to the antimicrobial sensitivity reports.

show abstract

“…While experts have warned of the link between COVID-19 and AMR [3][4][5][6][7][8], studies report conflicting evidence. Several studies-from, in particular, Germany, Italy and the US-have reported outbreaks or an increase in infections with and/or acquisition of multidrug-resistant bacteria during the COVID-19 pandemic [9][10][11][12].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%