l‐Carnitine, the VitaminB_T: Uses and Production by the Secondary Metabolism of Bacteria

L-Carnitine Production Through Biosensor-Guided Construction of the Neurospora crassa Biosynthesis Pathway in Escherichia coli

“…These approaches are not environmentally friendly, due to the number of reactions, and the need to use chiral starting materials or chiral auxiliaries (Meyer and Robins, 2005;Bernal et al, 2007). Achiral precursors such as crotonobetaine (dehydrated D,L-carnitine), γ-butyrobetaine, and 3-dehydrocarnitine are converted in highly regio-and enantioselective biotransformations under mild conditions (Bernal et al, 2016). These processes use Pseudomonas sp., Proteus sp., or Escherichia coli (Naidu et al, 2000) and are characterized by a significant reduction in environmental impact, e.g., 89% less waste to be incinerated, 82% less waste water, and 76% less salts (Meyer and Robins, 2005).…”

“…Fermentative processes hold the potential for de novo biosynthesis from renewable feedstocks and to abandon the petrochemical synthesis of precursors. The use of eukaryotic microorganisms as natural L-carnitine producers suffers from low titers and demanding cultivation conditions with complex media (Wargo and Meadows, 2015;Bernal et al, 2016). Metabolic engineering of established bacterial producers such as E. coli holds the potential to establish de novo L-carnitine production in fermentative one-pot processes.…”

Development of a Biosensor for Crotonobetaine-CoA Ligase Screening Based on the Elucidation of Escherichia coli Carnitine Metabolism

“…It is a regulator of the levels of fats in the serum and is involved in the β-oxidation of medium-and long-chain fatty acids as well as in the exchange of acyl and acetyl groups with coenzyme A (CoA) in the mitochondria. 1 Thus, applications for L-carnitine and its derivatives can be found in numerous medical areas, for example, in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and as a nutritional supplement to improve weight management and training performance. 1 Carnitine is not only present in eukaryotes but is also often found and is sometimes abundant in soil and natural water bodies; 2,3 thus, it is widely available to microorganisms.…”

“…1 Thus, applications for L-carnitine and its derivatives can be found in numerous medical areas, for example, in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and as a nutritional supplement to improve weight management and training performance. 1 Carnitine is not only present in eukaryotes but is also often found and is sometimes abundant in soil and natural water bodies; 2,3 thus, it is widely available to microorganisms. Indeed, carnitine plays roles in bacterial physiology and metabolism, e.g., as a final electron acceptor, a compatible solute, or a sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy.…”

“…l -Carnitine (( R )-3-hydroxy-4-trimethylaminobutyrate) is a quaternary amine that is essential for the intermediary metabolism of eukaryotes by playing a vital role in energy production and fatty acid metabolism. It is a regulator of the levels of fats in the serum and is involved in the β-oxidation of medium- and long-chain fatty acids as well as in the exchange of acyl and acetyl groups with coenzyme A (CoA) in the mitochondria . Thus, applications for l -carnitine and its derivatives can be found in numerous medical areas, for example, in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and as a nutritional supplement to improve weight management and training performance …”