HIV‐Related Neoplasms

Abstract

Summary Following the introduction of highly active antiretroviral treatments (HAART), patients infected with HIV have experienced significant survival improvement. Since the beginning of the HIV epidemic, three types of cancer constitute a diagnosis of AIDS (defined as AIDS malignancies) in HIV‐positive patients: Kaposi sarcoma, non‐Hodgkin lymphoma and, since 1993, cervical cancer. However, in the late 1990s, population‐based cohort studies revealed higher rates of certain other cancers (defined as non‐AIDS related malignancies). This chapter discusses the incidence, aetiology, screening, pathology, diagnosis, and follow‐up of these HIV‐related neoplasms. Hodgkin lymphoma, anal carcinoma, lung carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, are the most common non‐AIDS‐defining malignancies (ADMs). Lung cancer is the only frequent cancer in HIV‐infected patients not known to be associated with viral infection. Anal cancer is emerging as an important cause of mortality among people with a longer duration of HIV infection.