Abstract:In this paper we analyse the economic and environmental impacts of CAP greening introduced by the 2013 CAP reform using the CAPRI model. CAPRI captures the farm heterogeneity across the EU and it allows to depict the implementation of the greening measures in high detail while integrating the environmental effects and the market feedback of the simulated policy changes. The simulated results reveal that the economic impacts (land use, production, price and income) of CAP greening are rather small, although som… Show more
“…Consistency between the document-based evaluation and the group evaluation confi rm the importance of formal intervention logic for actual quality of intervention. Ex ante studies of the CAP 2014-2020 argued that the reform would not bring any major changes (Gocht et al, 2016), and even indicated that intervention logic was reversed, i.e. that objectives were set to legitimise an existing intervention based on distribution logic (Erjavec et al, 2015), whereas ex post impact assessments of CAP 2014-2020 confi rm the main arguments of this research, including the positive but costly 'secondary' effects, e.g.…”
“…Member states have little experience with the programming of Pillar I. The 'greening' of the direct payment system, introduced in 2014-2020, which involved certain fl exibility and required some planning at the national level, was deemed too complicated by some member states and later largely failed in terms of the environmental objectives it aimed to pursue (Gocht et al, 2016). Eco-schemes, which will upgrade the 'greening' component in Pillar I, are more fl exible but, potentially, also more complex.…”
The proposed Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) for the period 2021–2027 will be more flexible and, presumably, more effective. To provide for sufficient ambition and prevent a race to the bottom, national strategic plans will be introduced with quantitative targets covering both policy pillars. This article argues that since formal requirements and the evaluation model are weak on actual long-term impact, substantial improvements are unlikely. To test this, programming rules are experimentally evaluated on the implementation of CAP 2014–2020 in Slovenia. The experiment shows that while measures and resources broadly correspond to policy objectives, the specific relevance of measures is generally weak and has potential effects dispersed among several objectives, resulting in high costs for individual objectives at best. Without the effective inclusion of an impact assessment, the outcome will rely on the capacity and benevolence of national governance systems.
“…Consistency between the document-based evaluation and the group evaluation confi rm the importance of formal intervention logic for actual quality of intervention. Ex ante studies of the CAP 2014-2020 argued that the reform would not bring any major changes (Gocht et al, 2016), and even indicated that intervention logic was reversed, i.e. that objectives were set to legitimise an existing intervention based on distribution logic (Erjavec et al, 2015), whereas ex post impact assessments of CAP 2014-2020 confi rm the main arguments of this research, including the positive but costly 'secondary' effects, e.g.…”
“…Member states have little experience with the programming of Pillar I. The 'greening' of the direct payment system, introduced in 2014-2020, which involved certain fl exibility and required some planning at the national level, was deemed too complicated by some member states and later largely failed in terms of the environmental objectives it aimed to pursue (Gocht et al, 2016). Eco-schemes, which will upgrade the 'greening' component in Pillar I, are more fl exible but, potentially, also more complex.…”
The proposed Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) for the period 2021–2027 will be more flexible and, presumably, more effective. To provide for sufficient ambition and prevent a race to the bottom, national strategic plans will be introduced with quantitative targets covering both policy pillars. This article argues that since formal requirements and the evaluation model are weak on actual long-term impact, substantial improvements are unlikely. To test this, programming rules are experimentally evaluated on the implementation of CAP 2014–2020 in Slovenia. The experiment shows that while measures and resources broadly correspond to policy objectives, the specific relevance of measures is generally weak and has potential effects dispersed among several objectives, resulting in high costs for individual objectives at best. Without the effective inclusion of an impact assessment, the outcome will rely on the capacity and benevolence of national governance systems.
“…At UE-level, Gocht et al (2017) analysed the economic and environmental impacts of CAP greening introduced by the 2013 CAP reform using the CAPRI model. Their results show that the environmental impacts of greening are small, although greater effects can be pointed out in the regions with a larger percentage of intensive farms [17].…”
Section: Literature Review On Greeningmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…At UE-level, Gocht et al (2017) analysed the economic and environmental impacts of CAP greening introduced by the 2013 CAP reform using the CAPRI model. Their results show that the environmental impacts of greening are small, although greater effects can be pointed out in the regions with a larger percentage of intensive farms [17]. Louhichi et al (2017), using an EU-wide individual farm level model, show that the effects of the crop diversification practice on the EU farming sector are rather small.…”
The conservation of perceived scenery of traditional extensive and diversified landscapes is a valuable aim for reaching sustainable rural development. Considering the financial budget assigned and the application rules of European Union agricultural policy (Common Agricultural Policy-CAP), the relationship between perceived landscape benefits and CAP first pillar payments is an interesting aspect to analyze. In this study, a cost-benefit analysis has been carried out in a rural area of Central Italy that represents typical Italian conditions of hilly territories. Greening payment, a mechanism aimed to boost public goods, including landscapes and their ecological functionality, was selected as a proxy for policy cost of preserving traditional extensive landscapes. The benefits of greening have been evaluated through the analysis of the people's willingness to pay for the maintenance of extensive and diversified landscapes. The analysis conducted does not explicitly consider the full range of environmental benefits determined by greening, even if some interviewees may have perceived them in addition to the visual perception of the rural landscape. The present study can contribute to the debate on the agricultural policy post-2020, especially for a future definition of long-lasting and cost-effective sustainable interventions in hilly and extensive rural landscapes.
“…EU funding sources (and in particular the Common Agricultural Policy) are important for the management of agricultural habitats in Natura 2000 sites. Funding for agriculture already has declined for several years, whilst attempts to increase funding for environmentally-friendly agricultural management have met limited success (Gocht et al, 2017;Pe'er et al, 2017). The foreseen reallocation of budgets will further decrease the funding for agriculture (European Commission, 2018).…”
4. Natura 2000 management plans in France and the Netherlands; carrots, sticks,sermons and different problems 76 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Analytical framework 80 4.2.1 Policy instrument theory and Natura 2000 management plans 80 4.2.2 Operationalization of theoretical concept for analysis 4.3 Country and site selection 84 4.4 Results 87 4.5 Discussion 91 4.6 Conclusions 94 5. Societal engagement in Natura 2000 sites. A comparative analysis of the policies in three areas in England, Denmark and Germany. 98 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Societal engagement from two perspectives 100 5.3 Analytical framework 102 5.4 Case selection 105 5.5 Results of the area cases 107 5.6 Comparative analysis 112 5.7 Discussion and conclusion 115
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