Abstract:Pyrethroid pesticides are applied to both agricultural and aquacultural industries for pest control. However, information of their impact on the commercial important freshwater crayfish, Procambarus clarkii is scarce. Therefore, the present study aimed to characterize to effects of a commonly used pyrethroid pesticide, deltamethrin on DNA damage, immune response, and neurotoxicity in P. clarkii. Animals were exposed to 7, 14, and 28 ng/L of deltamethrin, which correspond to 1/8, 1/4, and 1/2 of the LC 50 (96 h… Show more
“…On the other hand, in the experiments of chapter II-IV the toxicants highly affected the host-microbiome of the aquatic organism tested (Figure 5b, 6a and b). This is not surprising, since DMT is known for its neurotoxic effects that can cause stress in the host which affects its microbiome (Mestres and Mestres 1992, Toshio 1992, Hong et al 2020, SDS is known for bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects which will directly affect the microbiome (Baker et al 1941, Brandt et al 2001, Mousavi and Khodadoost 2019, and Cr(VI) is known for being able to cross and disturb biological membranes affecting microorganism in the microbiome with no resistance mechanisms (Babich et al 1980, Breton et al 2013, Hose et al 2016, Assefa and Köhler 2020, Bojarski et al 2021. We argue that this effect depends directly on the toxicity of the toxicant itself.…”
Section: Effect Of Single Toxicants In the Host-microbiomementioning
confidence: 88%
“…Pyrethroids are extensively applied in agriculture, aquaculture, and forestry as pest control agents (Mestres andMestres 1992, Hong et al 2020), and they can enter the aquatic ecosystem via stormwater run-off from urban landscaping and home gardens as well as wastewater effluent and agricultural run-off (Jiang et al 2010, Weston et al 2013. DMT can negatively affect a variety of organisms including mammals and birds, but it is highly toxic to aquatic organisms such as fish and aquatic arthropods (Dawood et al 2020, Hong et al 2020. Esfenvalerate has also been shown to have negative effects on the survival and development on many aquatic invertebrates (Beketov 2004, Forbes and Cold 2005, Amweg et al 2006, Brady et al 2006, Rasmussen et al 2013, Rodrigues et al 2015.…”
Anthropogenic pollution is widespread across various ecosystems. This disturbance can alter the interaction between a host and its associated microbiome, with repercussions for hosts traits such as health, behavior, and host evolution. The thesis aim is to understand the effects of inert microplastics and other pollutants, as pesticides, detergents, and toxic metals, on the host-microbiota of different freshwater invertebrates. Specifically, this thesis explores the secondary effects of stress factors on the host, trophic interactions, and free-living microbes. Chapter I tested the effects of microplastics and the pesticide esfenvalerate on Chironomus riparius survival, emergence, and its microbiome. Chapter II tested the effects of microplastics and the pesticide deltamethrin on a trophic chain of three organisms: Daphnia magna, damselfly larva Ischnura elegans, and wild dragonfly larva Aeshna cyanea. Chapter III tested the effects of microplastics and sodium dodecyl sulfate on the microbiome of wild water boatman from the family Corixidae. Chapter IV tested the effects of microplastics and Chromium VI on Daphnia magna mortality and its microbiome. The thesis used metagenomic tools to characterize both the host microbiome and its surrounding microcosms. Our results showed that microplastics interact with additive toxicants to affect the host microbiome, however, these effects depend on the type of toxicant, the size of the microplastic, and the host itself.
“…On the other hand, in the experiments of chapter II-IV the toxicants highly affected the host-microbiome of the aquatic organism tested (Figure 5b, 6a and b). This is not surprising, since DMT is known for its neurotoxic effects that can cause stress in the host which affects its microbiome (Mestres and Mestres 1992, Toshio 1992, Hong et al 2020, SDS is known for bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects which will directly affect the microbiome (Baker et al 1941, Brandt et al 2001, Mousavi and Khodadoost 2019, and Cr(VI) is known for being able to cross and disturb biological membranes affecting microorganism in the microbiome with no resistance mechanisms (Babich et al 1980, Breton et al 2013, Hose et al 2016, Assefa and Köhler 2020, Bojarski et al 2021. We argue that this effect depends directly on the toxicity of the toxicant itself.…”
Section: Effect Of Single Toxicants In the Host-microbiomementioning
confidence: 88%
“…Pyrethroids are extensively applied in agriculture, aquaculture, and forestry as pest control agents (Mestres andMestres 1992, Hong et al 2020), and they can enter the aquatic ecosystem via stormwater run-off from urban landscaping and home gardens as well as wastewater effluent and agricultural run-off (Jiang et al 2010, Weston et al 2013. DMT can negatively affect a variety of organisms including mammals and birds, but it is highly toxic to aquatic organisms such as fish and aquatic arthropods (Dawood et al 2020, Hong et al 2020. Esfenvalerate has also been shown to have negative effects on the survival and development on many aquatic invertebrates (Beketov 2004, Forbes and Cold 2005, Amweg et al 2006, Brady et al 2006, Rasmussen et al 2013, Rodrigues et al 2015.…”
Anthropogenic pollution is widespread across various ecosystems. This disturbance can alter the interaction between a host and its associated microbiome, with repercussions for hosts traits such as health, behavior, and host evolution. The thesis aim is to understand the effects of inert microplastics and other pollutants, as pesticides, detergents, and toxic metals, on the host-microbiota of different freshwater invertebrates. Specifically, this thesis explores the secondary effects of stress factors on the host, trophic interactions, and free-living microbes. Chapter I tested the effects of microplastics and the pesticide esfenvalerate on Chironomus riparius survival, emergence, and its microbiome. Chapter II tested the effects of microplastics and the pesticide deltamethrin on a trophic chain of three organisms: Daphnia magna, damselfly larva Ischnura elegans, and wild dragonfly larva Aeshna cyanea. Chapter III tested the effects of microplastics and sodium dodecyl sulfate on the microbiome of wild water boatman from the family Corixidae. Chapter IV tested the effects of microplastics and Chromium VI on Daphnia magna mortality and its microbiome. The thesis used metagenomic tools to characterize both the host microbiome and its surrounding microcosms. Our results showed that microplastics interact with additive toxicants to affect the host microbiome, however, these effects depend on the type of toxicant, the size of the microplastic, and the host itself.
“…Three male and three female crayfish were collected from each tank at days 0, 14, 28, 42, and 56 to measure estrogen and UVfilter concentrations in the tail tissue and examine potential differences in EDC accumulation by sex. In accordance with protocols from previous studies (Hong et al, 2020;Wei and Yang 2016), crayfish were anesthetized on ice for 30 min before dissection. The abdomen, telson, and uropod tissues (i.e., described as the "tail tissue" below) were collected, freeze-dried, massed, and kept at −20°C until analysis of estrogens and UV-filters by LC-MS/MS.…”
Estrogenic hormones and organic ultraviolet-filters (UV-filters) have attracted increased attention as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) due to their potent estrogenicity and widespread occurrence in the environment. This study investigated the accumulation of three estrogenic hormones and five UV-filters in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Exposure experiments were conducted for 42 days with a mixture of EDCs at two environmentally-relevant design concentrations (i.e., 500 and 5000 ng L −1 ). The aqueous-phase EDC concentrations decreased over time and were re-established every two days. Within 14 days of exposure, the five UV-filters were measured at 2.2 to 265 ng g −1 (dry weight) in crayfish tail tissue. Only one estrogenic hormone, 17βestradiol, was detected in the crayfish at 10.4-13.5 ng g −1 . No apparent changes were observed for EDC concentrations in the tail tissue over the next four weeks of exposure. The apparent bioaccumulation factors for the EDCs ranged from 23 L (kg tail tissue, dry weight) −1 for 4-methylbenzylidene camphor to 1050 L (kg tail tissue, dry weight) −1 for 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate. EDC input was stopped after 42 days, and the more hydrophobic UV-filters (i.e., octocrylene, 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate, homosalate) were found to be persistent throughout a 14-d elimination period. A lyticase-assisted yeast estrogen screen demonstrated that the residual estrogenic activity of water samples aligned with (or was lower than) predictions from targeted chemical analysis. These results suggest that the transformation products did not contribute significant estrogenicity, although further analysis of endocrine disruption outcomes in crayfish is recommended.
“…Pyrethroid pesticides and DMT have a half-life that ranges from 25 to 72 days depending on the substrate, and they have been found in concentrations of 0.04-24 µg/L in agricultural areas, 0.1-6.0 µg/L in water bodies and up to 100 µg/L in bottom sediments (Mestres and Mestres 1992, Pawlisz et al 1998, Liess et al 1999, Beketov et al 2013, Toumi et al 2015. Other studies used a sub-lethal dose of DMT at concentrations of 0.25 µg/L to 15 µg/L (Toumi et al 2015, Dawood et al 2020, Hong et al 2020. The chosen concentration of DMT was therefore 0.2 µg/L of aerated DMT.…”
Section: Experimental Setup 251 Concentration Of Mps and Dmtmentioning
BackgroundMicroplastics are a pervasive pollutant widespread in sea- and freshwater from anthropogenic sources, and together with the presence of pesticides, they can have physical and chemical effects on aquatic organisms and on their microbiota. Few studies have explored the combined effects of microplastics and pesticides on the host microbiome, and more importantly, the effects across multiple trophic levels. In this work, we studied the effects of exposure to microplastics and the pesticide deltamethrin on the diversity and abundance of the host microbiome across a three-level food chain: daphnids-damselfly-dragonflies. Daphnids were the only organism exposed to 1µm microplastic beads, and they were fed to damselfly larvae. Those damselfly larvae were exposed to delthametrin, and then fed to the dragonfly larvae. The microbiotas of the daphnids, damselflies and dragonflies were analyzed. ResultsOur results suggest that the exposure to microplastics and deltamethrin had negative carry-over effects on the diversity and abundance of the microbiome across the three trophic levels. Moreover, the exposure to deltamethrin on the damselflies negatively affected their survival rate in the presence of the dragonfly predator, but no such effects were found on damselflies exposed to only microplastics. ConclusionsOur study highlights the importance of evaluating ecotoxicological effects at the community level. Importantly, the indirect exposure to microplastics and pesticides through diet can potentially have bottom-up effects in the trophic webs.
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