“…Besides, the international financial environment is increasingly facing higher market risks especially due to several factors including crude oil price fluctuations, policy uncertainties and the COVID-19 pandemic, among others (see Salisu, Ogbonna, Oloko, & Adediran, 2021; Boubaker, Goodell, Pandey, & Kumari, 2022; Boungou & Yatié, 2022; Salisu, Tchankam, & Adediran, 2022 and relevant papers cited therein). For example, the oil shock of April 2020, which occurred during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, may have contributed to instability in the oil market, which has become more volatile, particularly with respect to price (see Salisu, Oloko, & Adediran, 2021). We look at oil price volatility more closely in this paper.…”