CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 over‐expression alleviates neuronal ferroptosis and brain injury by inhibiting lipid peroxidation via AKT/mTOR pathway following intracerebral hemorrhage in mice

Abstract

Ferroptosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of secondary brain injury following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and regulating this process is considered a potential therapy for alleviating further brain injury. A previous study showed that CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 (CISD2) can inhibit ferroptosis in cancer. Thus, we investigated the effects of CISD2 on ferroptosis and the mechanisms underlying its neuroprotective role in mice after ICH. CISD2 expression markedly increased after ICH. CISD2 over‐expression significantly decreased the number of Fluoro‐Jade C‐positive neurons and alleviated brain edema and neurobehavioral deficits at 24 h after ICH. In addition, CISD2 over‐expression up‐regulated the expression of p‐AKT, p‐mTOR, ferritin heavy chain 1, glutathione peroxidase 4, ferroportin, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase activity, which are markers of ferroptosis. Additionally, CISD2 over‐expression down‐regulated the levels of malonaldehyde, iron content, acyl‐CoA synthetase long‐chain family member 4, transferrin receptor 1, and cyclooxygenase‐2 at 24 h after ICH. It also alleviated mitochondrial shrinkage and decreased the density of the mitochondrial membrane. Furthermore, CISD2 over‐expression increased the number of GPX4‐positive neurons following ICH induction. Conversely, knockdown of CISD2 aggravated neurobehavioral deficits, brain edema, and neuronal ferroptosis. Mechanistically, MK2206, an AKT inhibitor, suppressed p‐AKT and p‐mTOR and reversed the effects of CISD2 over‐expression on markers of neuronal ferroptosis and acute neurological outcome. Taken together, CISD2 over‐expression alleviated neuronal ferroptosis and improved neurological performance, which may be mediated through the AKT/mTOR pathway after ICH. Thus, CISD2 may be a potential target to mitigate brain injury via the anti‐ferroptosis effect after ICH.

Pharmacological Inhibition of Ferroptosis as a Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Strokes

“…[ 311 ] This observation was corroborated by other studies. [ 306 , 307 , 308 , 309 , 312 , 317 , 318 ] Previous studies have demonstrated that specific regulators of ferroptosis, including CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 (CISD2), [ 319 ] NOX4, [ 320 ] SRY‐box transcription factor 10 (SOX10), [ 321 ] and forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) [ 322 ] play crucial roles in regulating ferroptosis in secondary brain injury after ICH. Increased CISD2 alleviates brain injury by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis via AKT/mTOR in mice.…”

“…Increased CISD2 alleviates brain injury by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis via AKT/mTOR in mice. [ 319 ] The transcription factor SOX10 inhibits ferroptosis of hippocampal neurons after ICH through increasing miR‐29a‐3p expression, resulting in suppression of ACSL4 transcription. [ 321 ] Silencing FOXO3 ameliorates post‐ICH brain damage through inhibiting neuronal ferroptosis via down‐regulating NOX4 transcription levels.…”

CISD3 is required for Complex I function, mitochondrial integrity, and skeletal muscle maintenance

“…These are: CISD1 or mitoNEET, localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane, CISD2 or NAF-1, localized to the outer endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, and ER-mitochondria associated membranes (MAM), and CISD3 or MiNT, localized inside the mitochondria. Although multiple studies have shown that CISD1 and CISD2 are involved in the progression of different human pathologies, including cancer, diabetes, neurodegeneration, obesity, and cardiovascular disease [1][2][3][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] , as well as the genetic disease Wolfram Syndrome 2 (caused by CISD2 deficiency) [18][19][20] , very little is known about the function of CISD3.…”