Antiinflammatory phytochemicals against virus‐induced hyperinflammatory responses: Scope, rationale, application, and limitations

Abstract

Uncontrolled inflammatory responses or cytokine storm associated with viral infections results in deleterious consequences such as vascular leakage, severe hemorrhage, shock, immune paralysis, multi‐organ failure, and even death. With the emerging new viral infections and lack of effective prophylactic vaccines, evidence‐based complementary strategies that limit viral infection‐mediated hyperinflammatory responses could be a promising approach to limit host tissue injury. The present review emphasizes the potentials of antiinflammatory phytochemicals in limiting hyperinflammatory injury caused by viral infections. The predominant phytochemicals along with their mechanism in limiting hyperimmune and pro‐inflammatory responses under viral infection have been reviewed comprehensively. How certain phytochemicals can be effective in limiting hyper‐inflammatory response indirectly by favorably modulating gut microbiota and maintaining a functional intestinal barrier has also been presented. Finally, we have discussed improved systemic bioavailability of phytochemicals, efficient delivery strategies, and safety measures for effective antiinflammatory phytotherapies, in addition to emphasizing the requirement of tightly controlled clinical studies to establish the antiinflammatory efficacy of the phytochemicals. Collectively, the review provides a scooping overview on the potentials of bioactive phytochemicals to mitigate pro‐inflammatory injury associated with viral infections.

Is the central complement component C3 altered in the synergy of HIV infection and preeclampsia?

“…This increase may be attributed to the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), which is an inflammatory condition mediated against the presence of microbial antigens [35] . Previous literature is also in agreement [36] , [37] . A recent study by Seddiki et al [38] reported that patients had developed immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome following ARV therapy.…”

Cancer-Associated Microbiota: From Mechanisms of Disease Causation to Microbiota-Centric Anti-Cancer Approaches

“…The mechanism through which a polyphenolic-rich diet can be preventive of carcinogenesis through the favorable modulation of microbiota can include the modulation of hormonal regulation, limiting oxidative and inflammatory injury, and maintaining cellular proliferative/apoptotic homeostasis [233]. Although a detailed discussion on the gut microbiota-associated anti-cancer effects of polyphenols is out of the scope of the manuscript, a detailed discussion on the impact of polyphenols on gut microbiota has been reviewed elsewhere [234][235][236][237].…”

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“…Moreover, the aspirin story continues today: it is still currently the most widely used drug worldwide [ 12 ]. With the emerging new viral infections that mediate hyperinflammatory responses, analyzing natural resources, in order to identify new anti-inflammatory compounds that may limit the host tissue injury, may offer alternative therapeutic or preventive solutions [ 13 , 14 ].…”